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Abstract
Introduction Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease leading to stenosis and/or occlusion of the arterial circulation of the lower extremities. The currently available revascularisation methods have an acceptable initial success rate, but the long-term patency is limited, while surgical revascularisation is associated with a relatively high perioperative risk. This urges the need for development of less invasive and more effective treatment modalities. This protocol article describes a study investigating a new non-invasive technique that uses robot assisted high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to treat atherosclerosis in the femoral artery.
Methods and analysis A pilot study is currently performed in 15 symptomatic patients with PAD with a significant stenosis in the common femoral and/or proximal superficial femoral artery. All patients will be treated with the dual-mode ultrasound array system to deliver imaging-guided HIFU to the atherosclerotic plaque. Safety and feasibility are the primary objectives assessed by the technical feasibility of this therapy and the 30-day major complication rate as primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints are angiographic and clinical success and quality of life.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study was obtained in 2019 from the Medical Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data will be presented at national and international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Trial registration number NL7564.
- Vascular surgery
- Ultrasound
- Vascular medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
First in human study to assess the safety and feasibility of noninvasive high-intensity focused ultrasound/dual-mode ultrasound array therapy to target atherosclerotic plaques in the femoral artery.
Extensive follow-up in the first month after the procedure with duplex ultrasound and MRI providing detailed information about the plaque response to the therapy.
Next to quantitative plaque analysis, patients are asked to fill in quality of life questionnaires specially designed for Dutch patients with peripheral arterial disease.
This is a non-randomised single-centre study and consequently there is chance of selection bias.
Calcified plaques are an exclusion parameter so the data collected in this study cannot be extrapolated to the full spectrum of plaque morphologies.
Introduction
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease leading to stenosis and/or occlusion of the arterial circulation of the lower extremities. The severity of PAD varies from asymptomatic stenosis to limb-threatening ischaemia.1–3 In case of severe symptoms, revascularisation is indicated. Three main options are generally available for revascularisation, namely, open, endovascular or a hybrid intervention. The open option is the surgical removal of the atherosclerotic plaque (endarterectomy) or bypass surgery, where a new conduit of blood flow is created to overcome the stenosis or occlusion. The endovascular option is a minimally invasive manner of increasing the lumen diameter by inflating a balloon (angioplasty) combined with expanding a metal scaffold (stent), if indicated. In a hybrid case, open surgery and endovascular surgery are combined. The predicted benefit for patients should outweigh the potential risks and durability of the intervention.4–6 Most peripheral arterial interventions have an acceptable initial technical and clinical success rate, but the long-term patency is limited.5 Furthermore, fluoroscopy exposure during these procedures also possesses potential health risks, such as DNA damage and long-term health effects, to both the patient and the treatment team.7–9
Guidelines including The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of PAC generally recommend for revascularisation options (open, endovascular or hybrid procedures) based on the anatomical location and extent of the arterial lesions.4 5 10 Endovascular revascularisation is generally preferred over open procedures due to the reduced perioperative morbidity and shorter hospital stays.1 11 However, endovascular strategies for stenotic lesions located in anatomically ‘hostile’ arterial segments or ‘no stent areas,’ such as arterial flexion points (surrounding joints), remain a subject for debate. For example, the endovascular approach has not been adopted widely in the common femoral artery (CFA) (groin). Despite the reduction of wound-related complications and shorter hospital stay, endovascular revascularisation in the CFA is associated with a lower patency and increased rates of subsequent revascularisation procedures. Another concern is that stent placement in this region may limit access options for future procedures, and the bending forces may cause stent fracture and subsequent arterial occlusion.12 For this reason, despite the risk of infection and septic bleeding, open endarterectomy of the CFA is still considered the gold-standard therapy.13 14
An alternative to the increased complication risk of the open surgical approach is endovascular plaque debulking. With plaque debulking, the plaque is removed and reduced rather than cracked and pressed against the arterial wall, which might lessen vessel barotrauma and reduce the risk of plaque recoil. Directional, rotational, orbital and laser atherectomy are current examples of endovascular plaque debulking with good technical success rates.15 Nevertheless, the reported restenosis and subsequent reinterventions rates are comparable to regular endovascular revascularisation.15
Non-invasive plaque debulking techniques may overcome the risk of perioperative complications associated with surgery altogether. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) enables noninvasive tissue ablation.16–18 Dual-mode ultrasound arrays (DMUA) offers the possibility of simultaneous HIFU targeting and ultrasound (US) imaging, thereby allowing inherent registration between imaging and treatment location.19–21 HIFU/DMUA therapy can be used for transcutaneous noninvasive ablation of targets with submillimeter precision and accuracy.17 19–24 The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis suggests that atherosclerotic plaques may respond to HIFU/DMUA therapy.21 It is hypothesised that the local thermal effect of HIFU causes coagulation necrosis affecting the plaque and inducing a new immune response with a complex cascade of cellular reactions, eventually leading to a decrease in plaque volume and an increased lumen diameter.25 26
A clinical trial currently being conducted at the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU) is investigating the safety and feasibility of this technique. This article describes the working protocol for the treatment of femoral arterial disease with this specific intervention.
Technical background: HIFU/DMUA synthesiser
The DMUA transducer used in this study is specifically developed for arterial plaque debulking purposes.20 The 3.5 MHz 64-element concave shaped dual mode array transducer (Imasonic, Voray sur l’Ognon, France) uses the spherical shape for mechanical steering of the US beams (table 1). The transducer is attached to a 6 df robotic arm (UR3, Universal Robots, Odense, Denmark) to allow precise positioning that enables accurate imaging and treatment on a submillimetre scale.
DMUA technical specifications
The HIFU/DMUA synthesiser is an integrated medical device that delivers US-guided HIFU therapy (figure 1). The DMUA allows real-time monitoring of lesion formation and can therefore be used as a closed-loop feedback to control energy delivery to optimise treatment. HIFU therapy is based on the fact that US beams are partially converted into thermal energy when travelling through tissue. At low intensities, as with diagnostic US, this phenomenon does not interfere with normal physiology. However, when emitted at high intensities, US beams can produce a significant rise in temperature, leading to coagulation necrosis. With HIFU therapy, the high-intensity US beams are focused on diseased tissue, thereby producing localised submillimeter thermal lesions at the targeted tissue leading to coagulation necrosis. For safety measures, the HIFU/DMUA synthesiser is equipped with a closed-loop prescriptive image-guided control (CLC) algorithm. The energy delivery is monitored along the acoustic path of the beam to avoid affecting non-targeted tissues and to modulate the amplitude of the HIFU pulse based on image feedback. This feedback consists of single transmit focus (STF) imaging data that are gathered before and after every 10 ms during the HIFU bursts.20 STF imaging is a method of high-speed imaging enabling monitoring of the changes at the treatment site.20 27
HIFU/DMUA set-up as used during a clinical procedure. DMUA, dual-mode ultrasound array; HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Methods and analysis
Study objectives
To investigate the safety and feasibility of HIFU/DMUA therapy for the treatment of symptomatic patients with atherosclerotic plaques in the femoral artery.
Study design
The study is designed as a first-in-human pilot study that is currently being conducted by the UMCU with a cohort of 15 patients diagnosed with PAD. The protocol was finalised on 25 February 2019 and first inclusion was performed on 17 June 2019. Since then, minor changes to the protocol were made and approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (V.1.4). The estimated end date of the study is halfway through 2023, since there has been a significant delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients are asked to provide written informed consent. After informed consent is signed, patients will undergo a thorough screening to assess eligibility for inclusion.
Primary study parameters
The main endpoints are the safety and feasibility of this experimental treatment. Safety is determined by the 30-day major complication rate. This is a composite safety endpoint, based on previously validated safety endpoints for symptomatic PAD.28–30 It consists of the 30-day major adverse event (AE) rate, which is defined as any complication that requires endovascular revascularisation, open revascularisation or amputation in the target limb. Second, it consists of the 30-day mortality rate. Feasibility is defined as being able to accomplish the HIFU/DMUA procedure to target the atherosclerotic plaque in the CFA and/or superficial femoral artery (SFA).
Secondary study parameters
Secondary endpoints are defined as technical, vascular imaging, clinical and quality of life parameters. Technical success is defined as successful visualisation of the target lesion and successful delivery of HIFU therapy to the intended target lesions. During the procedure, procedural data of the device, the number, intensity and duration of all HIFU shots delivered will be recorded and analysed. The intensity of the shots is depending on the HIFU amplitude and tissue attenuation and absorption but is generally around 6.25 kW/cm2.21 After the HIFU procedure the number of shots and the efficacy of the shots will be determined. The efficacy will be analysed based on the echogenicity change during the shot. Shots reaching threshold will be considered as effective HIFU shots. Another important aspect of the technical success is the non-occurrence of complications such as thrombosis, dissection or occlusion within the target vessel due to the HIFU therapy.
Follow-up by vascular imaging is performed with both MRI and duplex US (DUS) to visualise plaque morphology and stenosis severity over time. With MRI changes in lesion length (mm), stenosis severity (%), total plaque volume (mm3), total vascular wall volume (mm3) and atherosclerotic (peri) plaque characteristics like presence of oedema, calcification, intraplaque haemorrhage and presence of a lipid rich necrotic core can be analysed. DUS imaging will be used to assess the haemodynamic changes by measuring the peak systolic velocity ratio at the target lesion. Furthermore, plaque (surface) characteristics will be described and special attention will be given to assess the occurrence of arteriovenous fistula.
Clinical endpoints are assessed on functional exercise and the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) measurements. Haemodynamic success is defined as an improvement in the ABI at 30 days postprocedure compared with baseline. Functional success is defined as an improvement on exercise testing. An improvement of symptoms is also taken into account.
Patients and eligibility criteria
The present safety and feasibility study is a pilot being conducted by the UMCU, the Netherlands. To determine whether HIFU treatment is safe in this study, the safety outcome of HIFU-treatment has to be non-inferior to the safety outcome of the common femoral endarterectomy (CFE). The complication rate of a CFE varies between 6% and 26%,13 with the point of gravity around 8% (1 in 12.5 patients). Therefore, a sample size of 15 patients is chosen for this safety trial for the investigational therapy. The most relevant eligibility criteria are represented in table 2, the full list of eligibility criteria is added as online supplemental information. Patients classified as Fontaine class IIB or III with an isolated CFA or proximal SFA, or multilevel femoral disease (CFA and SFA) but no indication to treat distal the SFA (in case of Fonataine IIB), will be considered to be eligible for inclusion. Written informed consent is obtained during the baseline visit after a reflection period of at least 7 days after the first study information visit.
Supplemental material
Eligibility criteria
Data handling
Participant UMCU healthcare data, data from medical interviews, quality of life questionnaires and data from various medical tests and measurements are filed as source data in the electronic patient records. All study-related results from medical interviews, tests and measurements are collected in an electronic case report form (eCRF) with audit trial functionality. Internal auditing is performed and, independent from the sponsor, monitoring is performed by the Julius Clinical Research (Zeist, The Netherlands). The monitor will visit periodically to discuss progress of the clinical trial, review correspondence and review the CRFs and the original documents with the study personnel for accuracy of data recording. Research data are stored anonymised and personal data are stored separately. A separate file is created to identify the patient via their unique study number. Research data will be archived for 15 years after the study has ended. To be able to reproduce the study findings, and to help future users understand and reuse data, all changes made to the raw data will be documented in data queries generated in the eCRF.
Study procedures
Screening procedure
The vascular surgeon identifies potential eligible study participants. If the patient consents and meets eligibility criteria as mentioned in table 2 the HIFU specific plaque characteristics (arterial depth, grade of calcification and stenosis severity) will be evaluated in collaboration with a designated expert radiologist. Based on lower extremity CT angiography and DUS the calcification grade of maximal 50% in the culprit lesion and arterial depth of maximal 35 mm will be measured (table 2).
Baseline visit
During the baseline visit, patients are asked to sign the informed consent form. After this a clinical interview, physical examination, DUS and MRI, exercise test and a HIFU/DMUA visibility test is performed. The results of the baseline visit determine if a patient is definitively eligible for study participation.
Intervention
The patient is lying in supine position under sedation during the HIFU procedure. DUS is used initially to visualise and mark the target area on the skin before the HIFU procedure. Anatomical landmarks, such as the CFA/SFA bifurcation, proximal and distal end of the plaque, and calcifications, are marked on the skin as additional guidance for the treatment team during imaging with the DMUA transducer. After this the DMUA transducer is placed in the groin region from where the CFA/SFA plaque can be followed from proximal to distal and eventually targeted. Compared with conventional DUS, image resolution of the DMUA transducer is inferior (axial resolution is ~2.6 mm and lateral resolution is ~1.2 mm while conventional DUS can reach submillimeter resolution depending imaging settings).27 31 For this reason, additional DUS is required in this phase to ensure correct targeting.
The transducer is attached to a 6 df robotic arm to ensure precise positioning and accurate imaging of the target area. The transducer is placed in the groin, perpendicular to the CFA to create a transversal plane through the artery. When the CFA is visualised, the robot arm is used to move the transducer along the vessel pathway to visualise the CFA bifurcation and proximal part of the SFA. During this visualisation step, synthetic aperture imaging27 is used for real-time visualisation of the full trajectory. When the full trajectory is visualised and the target planes are determined, the HIFU therapy can start. Per transversal plane (figure 2) multiple shots will be delivered in the stenosis area with an inter-target distance of 1 mm. When a full plane is targeted, the robot moves the transducer 1 mm to repeat the process of targeting in the next transversal plane (figure 2). This process is repeated for 10 planes and after this the transducer is moved up to visually inspect the skin region for eventual thermal damage. When there is no sign of thermal damage the transducer can be moved back to the position and the therapy will be continued.
(A) Schematic overview of target planes in a vessel. (B) Screenshot of the DMUA/HIFU image of the vessel with target area marked by the red dot. The green box represents the skin interface and the yellow box represents the region of interest. (C) Schematic overview of the screenshot shown in panel (B). DMUA, dual-mode ultrasound array; HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound.
When the stenosis is treated in full length, the skin is again inspected for thermal damage and the lower extremity is assessed for any signs of distal thromboembolism or arterial occlusion. The vascular surgeon also checks for acute vascular patency with DUS.
Follow-up
The overall duration of the follow-up for study participants is 3 months at specific moments in time. Full follow-up scheme with associated tests and measurements is visible in table 3. During the follow-up, patients are assessed on change in symptoms and eventual changes in the stenosis severity based on different imaging modalities (DUS, MRA). Haemodynamic changes are assessed based on the ABI and exercise test.
Follow-up scheme for study participants
Monitoring
Data safety monitoring will be performed by the research team and two independent experts (both UMCU radiologists with experience in the field of MR-guided HIFU therapy), who shall function as medical safety monitors. The research team and medical safety monitors will monitor any AEE to evaluate the safety of the HIFU treatment.
Adverse events
In case of an AE, the research team will convene and discuss this within a week, to evaluate whether the AE was procedure related and to evaluate the safety of the HIFU treatment. Two independent experts will periodically (every five patients) review all AEs. In case of a serious AE (SAE), the independent experts are informed <7 days. In case of life-threatening AEs or death, the independent experts are informed <3 days.
SAEs are reported through the web portal ‘ToetsingOnline’ to the accredited Medical Ethics Committee that approved the protocol and to the ‘Inspectie gezondheidszorg en jeugd’, within 15 days after first knowledge of the SAE. SAEs resulting in death or a life-threatening situation are reported expeditely.
All AEs are followed until they are resolved, or until a stable situation has been reached. Depending on the event, follow-up may require additional tests or medical procedures as indicated and/or referral to the general physician or a medical specialist.
Premature termination of the study is considered in case of an unexpected major procedure related SAE that results in death or near-fatal complications. The study team will meet to decide on premature termination of the study in case of frequent (>2) severe complications that, in the opinion of the study team and/or medical monitors, bring into question the safety of the procedure and therewith the safety of the other participants.
The sponsor also has an insurance which is in accordance with the legal requirements in the Netherlands (Article 7 WMO and the Measure regarding Compulsory Insurance for Clinical Research in Humans of 23 June 2003). This assurance provides cover for damage to research subjects through injury or death caused by the study. The insurance applies to the damage that becomes apparent during the study or within 4 years after the end of the study.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis will be performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (V.25.0 for Windows, SPSS). For the primary endpoint, the 30-day procedure-related major complication rate will be shown as a percentage by dividing the number of major complications by the number of procedures. Major procedure-related complications are defined as complications that require endovascular or open revascularisation, amputation (eg, treated segment thrombosis, acute onset of limb ischaemia), or that might lead to patient death within 30 days of the procedure.
We choose not to perform repeated measurement analyses as we are interested in demonstrating an effect in this first-in-human-use proof-of-concept study, rather than quantifying this effect. Nonetheless, most parameters of the tests and measurements will be represented as continuous variables. The plaque characteristics will be presented as categorical variables and will be analysed by means of the Fisher’s exact test. Changes in these continuous variables will be analysed by means of the paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, when applicable. Results of analysis will be considered significant when p<0.05. Missing data will be excluded pairwise.
Patient and public involvement
Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research. Participants are asked to give feedback on their experience during the conduct of the study. The participants will be informed once the trial results are published.
Ethics and dissemination
This study is conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013)32 and in accordance with the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). The study design was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. An Investigator Site File is produced in advance of the study conforming to the institutional guidelines. In case of any protocol amendments needed during the study, the Medical Ethics Committee will be notified. The results of the study are disclosed unreservedly and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed scientific journal, in accordance to the CCMO statement [https://www.ccmo.nl/onderzoekers/klinisch-onderzoek-naar-medische-hulpmiddelen/tijdens-en-na-onderzoek-naar-medische-hulpmiddelen/resultaten-onderzoek] containing the basic principles on the disclosure and publication of research results obtained from studies involving human subjects.
Discussion
The HIFU trial is a first-in-human pilot study. The goal of the clinical trial is to investigate the safety and feasibility of robot-assisted HIFU using a DMUA for the treatment of peripheral atherosclerosis. The DMUA allows imaging and delivery of therapy with a single transducer, enabling accurate targeting and a CLC to optimise energy delivery. The local (~1 mm) thermal effect generated by focusing the high-intensity US beams is expected to affect the cycle of plaque formation as it causes coagulation necrosis.22 33 The hypothesis is that the generated heat causes decellularisation of the soft plaque segments and reduces the vasa vasorum.26 34–36 This disrupts the plaque formation, reduces the plaque volume and increases the vessel lumen diameter. The effect of HIFU therapy on atherosclerosis has only been studied in preclinical studies, and therefore, this first-in-human pilot study is conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of this therapy.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria are set to find eligible candidates for the HIFU therapy. Whether the plaque can be targeted with this specific HIFU is determined from the plaque characteristics, including plaque depth, amount of calcification and stenosis severity. The depth of the target vessel is dependent on the focus length of the DMUA transducer, which can be set between 45 and 55 mm. Because the transducer cannot be placed directly on the skin due to its concave shape, a water bolus cover is needed to enable good coupling between the skin and transducer. This dictates that the distance between the skin and the HIFU target area cannot exceed 35 mm. The bolus cover can be adjusted to increase the distance between the transducer and skin to allow the target to be in the focal point. Furthermore, altering the pressure in the groin with the transducer can aid in getting the target within therapeutic window.
For the current study, the amount of calcific content in the culprit lesion, arterial depth and stenosis severity are essential for inclusion or exclusion. Severe calcification is considered as a contraindication for the HIFU therapy because the expected therapeutic benefit of this thermal therapy is uncertain.37 Calcification is an acoustic barrier for US progression and diffusion and can potentially reflect the US beam to non-targeted tissue and therefore highly calcified lesions may not be suitable for HIFU targeting.37 38 Therefore, for this safety study, highly calcified lesions are contraindicated. Furthermore, in case of a stenosis grade larger than 90%, there may be a risk of occlusion due to clotting and therefore considered as contraindication. The effect of this thermal therapy on atherosclerotic plaque is unknown but in the animal studies some swelling at the targeted vascular wall was observed.21 39
Plaque rupture, distal thrombosis and arterial occlusion are considered as potential complications of this therapy; however, these risks are considered to be low. Preclinical research with this experimental setup has demonstrated that the endothelium remains intact at the appropriate HIFU intensities, and no rise of temperature in the vessel wall leading to thrombosis occurred.21 The closed-loop feedback control is also a precaution to prevent overexposure and excessive tissue heating. The endothelial cells of the vessel wall are naturally cooled by the blood flow, thus reducing the chance of plaque rupture.21 The ongoing trial with this experimental therapy, however, has to demonstrate that these potential risks do not occur.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors All authors declare to have made substantial contributions to the development of this protocol. MVS prepared the first draft of the manuscript. MHAG, RvE, CEVBH, G-JdB, PD and EE contributed to the writing, editing and revising of the protocol. FS was involved in the initial protocol drafting and submission to the Medical Ethics Research Committee. TL is responsible for patient eligibility.
Funding The HIFU study is an investigator-initiated trial. This research is supported with an unrestricted grant by the International Cardio Corporation (Edina, MN, USA), grant number not applicable. International Cardio Corporation did not have any role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Competing interests CEVBH reports grants from International Cardio Corporation during the conduct of the study. He is a consultant for Cook Medical, Gore Medical, and Terumo Aortic. PD is one of the founders of the International Cardio Corporation; EE reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from International Cardio Corporation, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from International Cardio Corporation, grants and personal fees from National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work; In addition, EE has a patent Dual mode ultrasound transducer (DMUT) system and method for controlling delivery of ultrasound therapy with royalties paid to International Cardio Corporation, a patent Vascular characterisation using ultrasound imaging with royalties paid to International Cardio, and a patent ultrasound image formation and/or reconstruction using multiple frequency waveforms with royalties paid to International Cardio Corporation.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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