You are here

  • Home
  • Archive
  • Volume 15, Issue 2
  • Prolonged versus single dose in penicillin oral challenge testing: protocols for a pilot and definitive randomised controlled trial (PROSPECTOR studies)

Article Text

Article menu

Download PDFPDF

Immunology (including allergy)
Protocol
Prolonged versus single dose in penicillin oral challenge testing: protocols for a pilot and definitive randomised controlled trial (PROSPECTOR studies)
  1. Irvin Ng1,2,
  2. Fiona James1,2,
  3. Ana Copaescu1,2,
  4. Sara Vogrin1,2,
  5. Elise Mitri1,2,3,
  6. Morgan Rose1,2,4,
  7. Richard Sullivan5,
  8. Michael Lane6,
  9. Amy Legg7,
  10. Jack Godsell2,8,
  11. Suran Fernando9,
  12. Lene Heise Garvey10,11,
  13. Vito Sabato12,13,
  14. Philip Li14,
  15. Jonathan Grant Peter15,
  16. Jason Trubiano1,2,3
  1. 1 Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  2. 2 Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
  3. 3 National Allergy Centre of Excellence, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
  4. 4 Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  5. 5 Infectious Diseases, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
  6. 6 Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
  7. 7 Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
  8. 8 Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
  9. 9 Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
  10. 10 University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark
  11. 11 Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
  12. 12 Department of Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
  13. 13 Department of Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
  14. 14 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  15. 15 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  1. Correspondence to Prof Jason Trubiano; Jason.TRUBIANO{at}austin.org.au

Abstract

Introduction Penicillin allergy labels (PALs) are reported in 1 in 10 hospitalised patients globally and associated with inferior patient, hospital and microbiological outcomes; however, the majority are incorrect and should be removed. Direct oral penicillin challenge has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method for the removal of PALs. However, the question of whether a single dose is sufficient to ascertain true allergy status remains unanswered, with some studies suggesting that extended challenges of 3 or more days are superior for the exclusion of delayed immune reactions. The aim of the PROSPECTOR studies was to determine the feasibility (PROSPECTOR-1) of a definitive trial (PROSPECTOR-2) to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of prolonged oral challenge (ie, 5 days) versus single-dose oral challenge in patients with a delayed or unknown penicillin allergy phenotype (PROSPECTOR-2).

Methods and analysis A pair of double-blind two-arm parallel placebo-controlled trials will be undertaken—PROlonged versus Single dose in PEnicillin oral Challenge Testing double-blind parallel group randomised placebo-cOntrolled tRial (PROSPECTOR Studies). Patients with a reported delayed or unknown timing penicillin allergy who have passed a supervised single-dose oral amoxicillin challenge (with or without prior skin testing/single or split dose) will be recruited. Informed patient consent will be granted for sites to recruit patients and collect routine clinical data. PROSPECTOR-1 will assess the safety and feasibility of a placebo-controlled trial for single-dose amoxicillin challenge versus 5-day prolonged oral challenge. PROSPECTOR-2 will assess the superiority of the 5-day prolonged oral challenge compared with single-dose amoxicillin challenge in excluding a delayed immune reaction. PROSPECTOR-2 will commence immediately post completion of PROSPECTOR-1 in a vanguard design, with adjustments to the projected sample size for superiority made following completion of PROSPECTOR-1. PROSPECTOR-2 will commence recruitment immediately following closure of PROSPECTOR-1; however, data from each trial will be analysed separately.

Ethics and dissemination These studies were reviewed and approved by the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (PROSPECTOR-1: HREC/99740/Austin-2023 and PROSPECTOR-2: HREC/109785/Austin-2024). The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences.

Trial registration number PROSPECTOR-1: ACTRN12623001242617 and PROSPECTOR-2: ACTRN12624001107516.

  • Clinical Trial
  • Antibiotics
  • PUBLIC HEALTH
  • Protocols & guidelines
  • IMMUNOLOGY
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

https://doi-org.ezproxy.u-pec.fr/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094712

Statistics from Altmetric.com

    Request Permissions

    If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

    STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY

    • These studies are among the first double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trials in antibiotic allergy investigation.

    • The pilot phase, randomised experimental design and recruitment of patients from existing inpatient or outpatient settings will minimise the opportunity for selection bias.

    • The definitive trial is international and multicentre, allowing for increased sample heterogeneity and generalisability of results.

    • The pilot study does not aim to explore the ideal number of days for prolonged challenge in eliciting true delayed allergy, so conclusions will be limited to comparison with a prolonged 5-day challenge, while there is still variability in practice globally.

    • A two times a day 500 mg dose of penicillin is set as the intervention; however, variability in preferred dosage remains in prolonged challenge practice globally.

    Introduction

    Background and rationale

    Penicillin allergy labels (PALs) are commonly documented in patient electronic medical records (EMRs).1 At the higher end, the prevalence has been estimated at 10% for hospitalised Australians2 and 9.9% of inpatients in Montreal, Canada.3 A Danish study found that 5% of hospital inpatients carried a PAL,4 while at the lower end, the prevalence is estimated at 3.2% in hospital inpatients in South Africa5 and 2% for all beta-lactam allergy in Hong Kong patients.6 This figure may be even higher among vulnerable patients such as the immunocompromised,7 geriatric and rheumatology populations.8 9 Those patients who carry a PAL are more likely to receive an inappropriate antibiotic, suffer a hospital-associated adverse event and acquire a multidrug-resistant organism.10–13 PALs are also associated with increased hospital length of stay (LOS), higher readmission rates, increased hospital costs and mortality rates.10 14 15 At a public health level, they are associated with inappropriate prescribing and antimicrobial resistance.1

    Despite their omnipresence, the majority of PALs are assessed as ‘low-risk’ and can be safely removed by penicillin allergy testing.16–19 Oral penicillin challenge with or without preceding skin testing is considered the gold standard for delabelling20; however, clinical equipoise remains regarding the superiority of single-dose or prolonged (ie, multiple-day dosing) oral challenge for patients who report a delayed or unknown timing penicillin allergy phenotype. The current Drug Allergy Practice Parameters recommend ‘against the routine use of multiple-day challenges in the evaluation of penicillin allergy’, providing a ‘strong recommendation’ but with ‘low certainty of evidence’.21 The European guidelines reviewed the literature of over 6484 patients, demonstrating a 2.3% positive rate following the initial challenge and 5.5% during the varied prolonged challenges. They concluded that there is no consensus on a preferred procedure and could not provide a recommendation for or against prolonged oral challenge.22

    The results from a mixture of European observational and retrospective studies suggest that prolonged challenges ranging from 3 to 10 days may be superior to single-dose challenges at eliciting delayed immune reactions. However, the reported prevalence of delayed reactions is highly variable (5–12% of patients), and many were reliant on patient self-reporting.23–30 In a recent retrospective single-centre Danish study of 3179 low-risk patients, 2.6% were positive on day 1 of challenge and 7.2% after day 1.31 This contrasts with the North American experience, where prolonged challenges have been associated with low rates of delayed reactions (0–1.8%).32–35 A paediatric study demonstrated that delayed reactions may occur <7 days following a single challenge.36 This gap between guideline recommendations and evidence, and differing results across geographical regions, highlights the need for robust evidence to inform practice with clinical certainty.

    Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have not routinely been used to answer questions regarding best practice in penicillin allergy research, despite their ability to provide high-quality evidence. The PROSPECTOR (PROlonged versus Single dose in PEnicillin oral Challenge Testing double-blind parallel-group randomised placebo-cOntrolled tRial) studies will use a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled RCT study design. PROSPECTOR-1 is an external pilot trial, which will assess the feasibility of conducting a blinded placebo-controlled trial of single-dose versus prolonged dose oral challenge in patients with a documented or reported PAL. It will also inform the sample size of a definitive full-scale trial, which will follow directly on from PROSPECTOR-1, with adjustments made as required based on effectiveness and feasibility outcome data. PROSPECTOR-2 is the definitive trial, which will assess whether a prolonged oral challenge is superior to a single dose challenge for ascertaining true immune-mediated penicillin allergy.

    Objectives

    PROSPECTOR-1: To evaluate the feasibility of a placebo-controlled trial and inform the design of a definitive trial evaluating whether prolonged oral challenge (5 days) is superior to single-dose oral challenge in patients reporting penicillin allergy with delayed or unknown timing phenotype to ascertain a true immune-mediated adverse reaction. PROSPECTOR-2: To evaluate the effectiveness of prolonged oral penicillin challenge (5 days) over single-dose penicillin challenge for ascertainment of true penicillin allergy (ie, immune-mediated allergy).

    Trial design

    The PROSPECTOR studies are multicentre, prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials: PROSPECTOR-1 is an Australian external pilot study for a future definitive, international, Phase III trial, PROSPECTOR-2.

    Methods: participants, interventions and outcomes

    The study design for PROSPECTOR-1 and PROSPECTOR-2 is outlined in figure 1.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Study design for PROSPECTOR-1 (PROlonged versus Single dose in PEnicillin oral Challenge Testing double-blind parallel-group randomised placebo-cOntrolled tRial) and PROSPECTOR-2 studies. apenicillin ‘unspecified’, penicillin VK, penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, mecillinam, pivmecillinam and pivampicillin. BID, two times a day.

    Study setting

    PROSPECTOR-1 will be undertaken at four tertiary hospital centres in Australia, including Austin Health (Victoria), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Victoria), St George Hospital (New South Wales) and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital (Queensland). PROSPECTOR-2 will be expanded to 14 tertiary hospital centres across Australia, Asia, North America, Africa and Europe (a complete list may be viewed in online supplemental table 1).

    Supplemental material

    Eligibility criteria

    Adult patients referred to inpatient or outpatient allergy services for a suspected immune-mediated penicillin allergy with a history of delayed or unknown timing will be eligible for inclusion in the study. Participants will then be risk-assessed using the PEN-FAST tool37 and RegiSCAR score. Participants will receive a single dose of 250–500 mg (PROSPECTOR-1) or 500 mg (PROSPECTOR-2) amoxicillin challenge (with or without prior skin testing). Participants who pass this initial challenge without an observed immune-mediated adverse event (1–2 hours post dose) will proceed to randomisation. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in box 1.

    Box 1

    Inclusion and exclusion criteria

    Inclusion criteria

    • Adult patients referred to the inpatient or outpatient allergy services for a suspected penicillin allergy with an immune-related allergy history of delayed (>6 hours after first dose of drug administration) or unknown timing, who tolerate the first single dose of an oral amoxicillin challenge.

    • Willing and able to give consent and undergo telehealth/telephone review.

    Exclusion criteria

    • The patient’s age is <18 years.

    • Any other illness that, in the investigator’s judgement, will substantially increase the risk associated with the subject’s participation in this study.

    • Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis to beta-lactam.

    • Inpatients concurrently receiving or likely to receive a beta-lactam antibiotic therapy during the 14-day study period.

    • The concurrent use of antihistamines and systemic steroid therapy (ie, >10 mg daily) (PROSPECTOR-2).

    Interventions

    Intervention

    Participants randomised to the intervention arm will receive a prolonged, 5-day course of oral 500 mg amoxicillin, administered two times a day, to commence the day following the initial single-dose amoxicillin oral challenge.

    Control

    Participants randomised to the control arm will receive a prolonged, 5-day course of oral placebo (microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), prepared to be visually identical to the intervention, administered two times a day, to commence the day following the initial single-dose amoxicillin oral challenge).

    Preparation and dispensing

    A qualified pharmacy staff member will dispense the study medication in unique container numbers to a member of the investigator team. A second staff member will verify the dispensing. The participant or their caregiver should be instructed to maintain the product in the bottles provided throughout the course of dosing and return the bottles to the site at either a study visit or via a return registered post.

    Study compliance

    Participants will be asked to record the date and time of each dose of study medication using an electronic or paper diary. Compliance will be assessed at each scheduled visit by study staff who will ask the participant to count the number of capsules remaining. The following non-compliance cases will be recorded as protocol deviations:

    • Study medication missed for ≥2 consecutive doses.

    • Study medication compliance<80%.

    Outcomes

    The primary outcomes for the PROSPECTOR studies are outlined below, with secondary outcomes listed in table 1.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Secondary outcome measures for PROlonged versus Single dose in PEnicillin oral Challenge Testing double-blind parallel-group randomised placebo-cOntrolled tRial (PROSPECTOR) studies

    PROSPECTOR-1

    Compliance with the intervention (proportion of participants (n, %) taking at least 80% of the doses), need for unblinding (proportion of participants (n, %) being intentionally or unintentionally unblinded) and recruitment to eligibility ratio (proportion of participants (n, %) consented to the study from eligible participants). Subgroup analyses for admission setting (inpatient vs outpatient), risk (PEN-FAST score <3 vs ≥3) and severity (RegiSCAR score <2 vs ≥ 2) will be performed in the PROSPECTOR-1 study.

    PROSPECTOR-2

    The proportion of positive oral challenges (ie, immune-mediated reaction up to and including day 7 following the first test dose, as adjudged by an independent blinded panel), n (%). Subgroup analyses for the following parameters: admission setting (inpatient vs outpatient), index reaction phenotype—delayed versus unknown timing, risk (PEN-FAST score 0 vs 1–2 vs ≥3), immunocompromised status, sex, region (Australia vs Europe vs Asia vs North America vs Africa), clinic type (specialised allergy clinic vs non-allergy clinic), index reaction severity (RegiSCAR <2 vs ≥2), index reaction phenotype—severe MPE (RegiSCAR score 1 or 2) versus RegiSCAR score <1 versus RegiSCAR score >2 and index reaction timing—delayed exanthema <5 years post index reaction versus delayed exanthema >5 years post index reaction.

    Participant timeline

    The participant timeline is outlined in a schedule of enrolment, interventions and assessments for both studies (online supplemental table 2). After randomisation on day 0, participants will be provided with the study medication and a telehealth review will be scheduled for days 1, 5, 7 and 14 by a specialist allergy healthcare provider (ie, board-certified allergist, clinical immunologist and other clinicians with specialised training in allergy and immunology). If patients are inpatients at the time, then this review will be performed at the patient bedside. At each telehealth review, compliance will be recorded by reporting the number of doses taken, and participants will be asked about any other concurrent antibiotic therapy. If a positive oral challenge is reported, a summary of the patient-reported symptoms using a standardised questionnaire and clinical photography of any rash, cutaneous or mucosal changes will be sent to an independent review panel consisting of an allergist and dermatologist blinded to the intervention to ascertain if the reported reaction is an ‘immune-mediated adverse drug reaction’.

    At days 30 and 90 post-randomisation, a telephone questionnaire and assessment of the medical record will be undertaken to assess for secondary outcomes including antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Clostridioides difficile infection or acquisition of a multidrug-resistant organism. Patients at the day 90 follow-up will be unblinded if preferred by the site principal investigator, and those in the control arm will be offered a prolonged oral challenge.

    Sample size

    PROSPECTOR-1: A total of 120 participants are planned for inclusion (60 per arm). This sample size was chosen to provide a precise estimate of feasibility outcomes with a width of CI being <20% for any proportion. Such a sample size would also likely provide a reliable estimate of effectiveness as it has been shown that with binary outcomes, gain in precision is smaller once each group reaches 60 participants.38 This sample size also likely represents >9% of the definitive trial’s sample size (to detect a 5% difference assuming 8% event rate with 90% power and 5% significance level, a total of almost 900 participants would be required).38

    PROSPECTOR-2: A total of 830 participants are planned for inclusion (415 per arm). The incidence of delayed reactions after single-dose oral challenge in the current literature is approximately 3%,20 while the incidence of delayed reactions after prolonged oral challenge is approximately 8%.27 39 To detect a 5% difference with 85% power and 5% significance level, 372 participants would need to be randomised to each arm. To account for a 10% loss to follow-up, a total of 830 participants will be recruited.

    As the stipulated 5% difference reported in the literature and observed in our pilot data is not regarded as clinically relevant by many drug allergy specialists, we will also evaluate the non-inferiority of single-dose challenge. Given the lesser severity of an adverse event, a clinically relevant non-inferiority margin was determined to be 10% among investigators of this study. The planned sample size will enable us to evaluate a non-inferiority of the risk difference between study arms (secondary outcome) with double-sided 95% CI with 82% power (assuming real difference between arms being 5%).40 The sample size for PROSPECTOR-2 will be updated prior to study start based on the estimates observed in PROSPECTOR-1.

    Recruitment

    Recruitment will be undertaken by appropriately trained and delegated study investigators at participating sites in both the ambulatory clinic and inpatient settings. The central study team will monitor and encourage recruitment by regularly engaging with participating site staff, providing strategies for boosting enrolment and troubleshooting solutions. Recruitment number updates will be communicated through a regular study newsletter.

    Consent

    Eligible patients will be provided with a verbal explanation of the project by a delegated study investigator and a paper or electronic consent form to read through (online supplemental materials 1 and 2). They will be encouraged to ask questions and discuss their participation with family, friends or a trusted family doctor if helpful. A thorough assessment of the participant’s capacity to make a valid informed decision will be made by the study investigator before the patient is recruited and documented informed consent is obtained.

    Methods: assignment of interventions

    Allocation

    Permuted block design randomisation will be used, stratified by the hospital site and setting (inpatient vs outpatient). While block design might result in larger treatment imbalances, such design is preferred to overcome logistical difficulties. Randomisation will be performed by the unblinded pharmacy dispensing team via REDCap just before the intervention. The allocation sequence will be concealed until the time of the randomisation.

    Blinding

    Participants (and their caregivers if applicable) as well as study investigators and research staff will be blinded to the assigned intervention. Adverse Event Review Panel members will be blinded to the assigned intervention. Clinical trials pharmacists will be unblinded.

    Participants may be unblinded during the 7-day follow-up period in the event of a serious adverse event (SAE) or grades 3 or 4 adverse event and if the site principal investigator deems this appropriate. If a participant’s assignment is revealed, the Sponsor and Coordinating Principal Investigator will be notified within 24 hours of unblinding. The date and reason for the blind broken must be recorded in the source documentation and case report form. All participants may be unblinded at the 90-day follow-up to allow for those in the control arm to receive a prolonged challenge if that is the site’s practice or preference.

    Methods: data collection, management and analysis

    Data collection methods

    De-identified clinical data will be stored in a secure electronic REDCap database, hosted by the University of Melbourne. Each participating centre will only have access to their own patient data. All electronic and paper data will be retained for a period of 15 years after which all data will be destroyed according to hospital policy in place at the time.

    Progression from pilot to definitive trial

    PROSPECTOR-2 will proceed immediately on completion of PROSPECTOR-1, provided the following criteria are met:

    1. Compliance with study medication is ≥80%.

    2. Unblinding is ≤10%.

    3. Recruitment to eligibility ratio ≥80%.

    If these criteria are not met, appropriate amendments to the study design of PROSPECTOR-2 will be made. If compliance is under 80%, additional reminders will be scheduled for participants. If unblinding exceeds 10%, the trial will be converted to open label. If the recruitment to eligibility ratio is lower than 80%, additional strategies for recruitment may be considered.

    Statistical methods

    PROSPECTOR-1

    The results will be presented according to CONSORT guidelines for feasibility studies.41 Patient characteristics and penicillin allergy history will be presented by arm using median (IQR) for continuous variables and count (percentage) for categorical variables. Binary outcomes will be presented as count and percentage with 95% exact CIs. All outcomes (where feasible) will be presented as overall, by study arm and by setting. Exploratory efficacy outcomes will also be presented as absolute (risk difference) and relative difference (risk ratio) with 95% CIs. No statistical tests will be performed. The amount and pattern of missing data will be explored.

    PROSPECTOR 2

    The results will be presented according to CONSORT guidelines.42 Patient characteristics and penicillin allergy history will be presented by arm using median (IQR) for continuous variables and count (percentage) for categorical variables. The primary analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis. A generalised linear model with binomial family will be used to calculate the risk difference (identity link) and risk ratio (log link) between intervention and control. The results will be presented with two-sided 95% CIs. Models will be adjusted for stratification variables (clinical site and setting). Subgroup analysis will be performed by the inclusion of an interaction term between subgroup and arm. The primary analysis will also be performed in the per-protocol population. Time to adverse reaction will be evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. A detailed statistical analysis plan will be prepared and uploaded to the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) listing before study completion.

    Oversight and monitoring

    Adverse event review panel

    A blinded independent review panel consisting of an allergist and a dermatologist will be established to review reported adverse drug reactions for both PROSPECTOR studies. A summary of the patient’s reaction will be compiled, comprising a standardised symptom questionnaire and clinical photography of any rash, cutaneous or mucosal change. The review panel will provide a determination of whether the reported reaction is to be classified as an ‘immune-mediated adverse drug reaction’. This classification will be provided to the data safety monitoring board (DSMB) for further deliberation in addition to the stipulated reports.

    Data safety monitoring board

    A DSMB will be established to review trial data and monitor the progress of each trial. The DSMB will monitor adherence to the protocol, participant recruitment, outcomes and participant safety data. They will also monitor the assumptions underlying sample size calculations for the study and alert the investigators if an increased recruitment effort is required. The DSMB will make recommendations as to whether the study should continue or be terminated, consider participant safety or other circumstances as grounds for early termination, including either compelling internal or external evidence of treatment differences or feasibility of addressing the study hypotheses (eg, poor participant enrolment).

    Ethics and dissemination

    These studies were reviewed and approved by the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference Numbers: PROSPECTOR-1: HREC/99740/Austin-2023 and PROSPECTOR-2: HREC/109785/Austin-2024). Additional approvals will be sought for international PROSPECTOR-2 sites before their participation in the study. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences.

    Harms

    Adverse events will be recorded from the time of randomisation until day 90. Patients will be supplied with a prescription for oral corticosteroids and second-generation antihistamines on hospital discharge, only to be used in the event of an immune-mediated positive oral challenge, as instructed by the site investigators at the time of the days 1, 5, 7 and 14 reviews. Participants will be instructed by site investigators to fill this script at their own expense if required.

    Patient and public involvement

    No patient and/or public were involved in the study development.

    Ethics statements

    Patient consent for publication

    References

    1. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Cairns KA ,
      4. Evans JA , et al
      . The prevalence and impact of antimicrobial allergies and adverse drug reactions at an Australian tertiary centre. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:572. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1303-3
    2. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Chen C ,
      4. Cheng AC , et al
      . Antimicrobial allergy “labels” drive inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing: lessons for stewardship. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016;71:1715–22. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw008
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    3. ↵
      2. Picard M ,
      3. Bégin P ,
      4. Bouchard H , et al
      . Treatment of patients with a history of penicillin allergy in a large tertiary-care academic hospital. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:252–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.01.006
      OpenUrl
    4. ↵
      2. Borch JE ,
      3. Andersen KE ,
      4. Bindslev-Jensen C
      . The prevalence of suspected and challenge-verified penicillin allergy in a university hospital population. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;98:357–62. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_230.x
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    5. ↵
      2. Day C ,
      3. Mendelson M ,
      4. Peter J , et al
      . Low self-reported penicillin allergy in South Africa-implications for global public health response. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023;5:dlad015. doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlad015
    6. ↵
      2. Li PH ,
      3. Yeung HHF ,
      4. Lau C-S , et al
      . Prevalence, Incidence, and Sensitization Profile of β-lactam Antibiotic Allergy in Hong Kong. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e204199. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4199
    7. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Grayson ML ,
      4. Thursky KA , et al
      . How antibiotic allergy labels may be harming our most vulnerable patients. Med J Aust 2018;208:469–70. doi:10.5694/mja17.00487
      OpenUrl
    8. ↵
      2. Li PH ,
      3. Chung HY ,
      4. Lau CS
      . Epidemiology and outcomes of geriatric and non-geriatric patients with drug allergy labels in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2021;27:192–7. doi:10.12809/hkmj208716
      OpenUrl
    9. ↵
      2. Chan SCW ,
      3. Yeung WWY ,
      4. Wong JCY , et al
      . Prevalence and Impact of Reported Drug Allergies among Rheumatology Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10:918. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10110918
    10. ↵
      2. Macy E ,
      3. Contreras R
      . Health care use and serious infection prevalence associated with penicillin “allergy” in hospitalized patients: A cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:790–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.021
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    11. ↵
      2. MacFadden DR ,
      3. LaDelfa A ,
      4. Leen J , et al
      . Impact of Reported Beta-Lactam Allergy on Inpatient Outcomes: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:904–10. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw462
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    12. ↵
      2. Blumenthal KG ,
      3. Lu N ,
      4. Zhang Y , et al
      . Risk of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile in patients with a documented penicillin allergy: population based matched cohort study. BMJ 2018;361:k2400. doi:10.1136/bmj.k2400
    13. ↵
      2. Blumenthal KG ,
      3. Ryan EE ,
      4. Li Y , et al
      . The Impact of a Reported Penicillin Allergy on Surgical Site Infection Risk. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66:329–36. doi:10.1093/cid/cix794
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    14. ↵
      2. Knezevic B ,
      3. Sprigg D ,
      4. Seet J , et al
      . The revolving door: antibiotic allergy labelling in a tertiary care centre. Intern Med J 2016;46:1276–83. doi:10.1111/imj.13223
      OpenUrl
    15. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Leung VK ,
      4. Chu MY , et al
      . The impact of antimicrobial allergy labels on antimicrobial usage in cancer patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015;4:23. doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0063-6
    16. ↵
      2. Copaescu AM ,
      3. Vogrin S ,
      4. James F , et al
      . Efficacy of a Clinical Decision Rule to Enable Direct Oral Challenge in Patients With Low-Risk Penicillin Allergy: The PALACE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2023;183:944–52. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.2986
      OpenUrlPubMed
    17. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Thursky KA ,
      4. Stewardson AJ , et al
      . Impact of an Integrated Antibiotic Allergy Testing Program on Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Multicenter Evaluation. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:166–74. doi:10.1093/cid/cix244
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    18. ↵
      2. Kan AKC ,
      3. Hui HKS ,
      4. Li TS , et al
      . Comparative Effectiveness, Safety, and Real-World Outcomes of a Nurse-Led, Protocol-Driven Penicillin Allergy Evaluation From the Hong Kong Drug Allergy Delabelling Initiative (HK-DADI). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2023;11:474–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.052
      OpenUrl
    19. ↵
      2. Wong JCY ,
      3. Kan AKC ,
      4. Chik TSH , et al
      . Prospective, Multicenter, Head-to-Head Comparison Between Allergists Versus Nonallergists in Low-Risk Penicillin Allergy Delabeling: Effectiveness, Safety, and Quality of Life (HK-DADI2). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2024;12:1801–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.010
      OpenUrl
    20. ↵
      2. Wrenn RH ,
      3. Trubiano JA
      . Penicillin Allergy Impact and Management. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023;37:793–822. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2023.06.005
      OpenUrl
    21. ↵
      2. Khan DA ,
      3. Banerji A ,
      4. Blumenthal KG , et al
      . Drug allergy: A 2022 practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022;150:1333–93. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.028
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    22. ↵
      2. Barbaud A ,
      3. Garvey LH ,
      4. Torres M , et al
      . EAACI/ENDA position paper on drug provocation testing. Allergy 2024;79:565–79. doi:10.1111/all.15996
      OpenUrl
    23. ↵
      2. Hjortlund J ,
      3. Mortz CG ,
      4. Skov PS , et al
      . One-week oral challenge with penicillin in diagnosis of penicillin allergy. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:307–12. doi:10.2340/00015555-1254
      OpenUrlPubMed
    24. ↵
      2. Hjortlund J ,
      3. Mortz CG ,
      4. Skov PS , et al
      . Diagnosis of penicillin allergy revisited: the value of case history, skin testing, specific IgE and prolonged challenge. Allergy 2013;68:1057–64. doi:10.1111/all.12195
      OpenUrl
    25. ↵
      2. Mori F ,
      3. Cianferoni A ,
      4. Barni S , et al
      . Amoxicillin allergy in children: five-day drug provocation test in the diagnosis of nonimmediate reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015;3:375–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.11.001
      OpenUrl
    26. ↵
      2. Ratzon R ,
      3. Reshef A ,
      4. Efrati O , et al
      . Impact of an extended challenge on the effectiveness of β-lactam hypersensitivity investigation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;116:329–33. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.01.018
      OpenUrl
    27. ↵
      2. Fransson S ,
      3. Mosbech H ,
      4. Kappel M , et al
      . The Importance of Prolonged Provocation in Drug Allergy - Results From a Danish Allergy Clinic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5:1394–401. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.024
      OpenUrl
    28. ↵
      2. Lezmi G ,
      3. Alrowaishdi F ,
      4. Bados-Albiero A , et al
      . Non-immediate-reading skin tests and prolonged challenges in non-immediate hypersensitivity to beta-lactams in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018;29:84–9. doi:10.1111/pai.12826
      OpenUrl
    29. ↵
      2. Borch JE ,
      3. Bindslev-Jensen C
      . Full-course drug challenge test in the diagnosis of delayed allergic reactions to penicillin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011;155:271–4. doi:10.1159/000320384
      OpenUrlPubMed
    30. ↵
      2. Fransson S ,
      3. Boel JB ,
      4. Mosbech HF , et al
      . Safe De-Labeling of Patients at Low Risk of Penicillin Allergy in Denmark. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2022;183:640–50. doi:10.1159/000521708
      OpenUrl
    31. ↵
      2. Boysen J ,
      3. Garvey L
      . Retrospective evaluation of the pen-fast tool in patients undergoing prolonged drug provocation. 2023.
    32. ↵
      2. Mendelson LM ,
      3. Ressler C ,
      4. Rosen JP , et al
      . Routine elective penicillin allergy skin testing in children and adolescents: study of sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984;73:76–81. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(84)90487-1
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    33. ↵
      2. Pichichero ME ,
      3. Pichichero DM
      . Diagnosis of penicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporin allergy: reliability of examination assessed by skin testing and oral challenge. J Pediatr 1998;132:137–43. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70499-8
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    34. ↵
      2. Solensky R ,
      3. Earl HS ,
      4. Gruchalla RS
      . Lack of penicillin resensitization in patients with a history of penicillin allergy after receiving repeated penicillin courses. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:822–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.7.822
      OpenUrlPubMed
    35. ↵
      2. Dorman SM ,
      3. Seth S ,
      4. Khan DA
      . Risk of Allergic Reactions to Recurrent Intravenous Penicillin Administration in Penicillin Skin Test Negative Patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:196–200. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.014
      OpenUrl
    36. ↵
      2. García Rodríguez R ,
      3. Moreno Lozano L ,
      4. Extremera Ortega A , et al
      . Provocation Tests in Nonimmediate Hypersensitivity Reactions to β-Lactam Antibiotics in Children: Are Extended Challenges Needed? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:265–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.023
      OpenUrl
    37. ↵
      2. Trubiano JA ,
      3. Vogrin S ,
      4. Chua KYL , et al
      . Development and Validation of a Penicillin Allergy Clinical Decision Rule. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:745–52. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0403
      OpenUrl
    38. ↵
      2. Teare MD ,
      3. Dimairo M ,
      4. Shephard N , et al
      . Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomised controlled trials: a simulation study. Trials 2014;15:264. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-264
    39. ↵
      2. Mitri E ,
      3. Reynolds G ,
      4. Hornung CJ , et al
      . Low-risk penicillin allergy delabeling: a scoping review of direct oral challenge practice, implementation, and multi-disciplinary approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024;22:59–69. doi:10.1080/14787210.2023.2296068
      OpenUrl
    40. ↵
      2. Baur D ,
      3. Gladstone BP ,
      4. Burkert F , et al
      . Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:990–1001. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30325-0
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    41. ↵
      2. Eldridge SM ,
      3. Chan CL ,
      4. Campbell MJ , et al
      . CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2016;2:64. doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0105-8
    42. ↵
      2. Schulz KF ,
      3. Altman DG ,
      4. Moher D , et al
      . CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:726–32. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
      2. Baiardini I ,
      3. Braido F ,
      4. Fassio O , et al
      . Development and validation of the Drug Hypersensitivity Quality of Life Questionnaire. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011;106:330–5. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2010.12.014
      OpenUrlPubMed

    Footnotes

    • X @jonnypeter7

    • Contributors JT and SV planned the study design and wrote the study protocols. Ethics submission: IN and FJ. Patient recruitment: JT, AC, EM, MR, RS, ML, AL, JG, SF, LHG, VS, PL and JGP. Statistical design and analysis: SV. All authors reviewed the protocol and this manuscript. JT is responsible for the overall content as guarantor.

    • Funding The work is supported by an NHMRC Emerging Leadership Fellowship (EL2) awarded to Professor Jason Trubiano and Austin Health (Grant number GNT2008071).

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.