Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Introduction Family caregivers play a key role in providing ongoing long-term care and assistance to their loved ones during cancer treatment. However, family caregivers of patients with lung cancer are frequently unprepared for their roles and they may undergo psychological distress, thus reducing their own quality of life while affecting patients’ health outcomes. Interventions that specifically target this population are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a perioperative support programme on family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer.
Methods and analysis This study is guided by the Stress-Coping Model. Family caregivers of patients diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer and those who are scheduled for lung resection treatment will be invited to participate. Participants will be randomised to groups that either receive the perioperative support programme or usual care. The intervention consists of four face-to-face intervention sessions during the hospital stay and two weekly telephone follow-up sessions after discharge. Primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks after the intervention. Primary outcomes will include psychological distress and secondary outcomes will include caregiving burden, quality of life, coping style and social support. Generalised estimation equation model will be used to analyse the intervention effects.
Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (LYG2022003). The authors will disseminate the study’s findings by publishing them in international scientific journals.
Trial registration number ChiCTR2200058280.
- education & training (see medical education & training)
- anxiety disorders
- thoracic surgery
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
This study is based on the Stress-Coping Model. The perioperative support programme has the potential to increase family caregivers’ coping resources by providing them with appropriate information, skills and support and diminishing psychological distress.
The intervention is offered during the perioperative period. Attention is focused on caregivers’ needs, and the intervention includes coping and communication skill training with psychoeducational strategies.
Due to time and resource limits, this study will be conducted in a single centre, and the results might not be generalisable to other centres.
In addition, a 12-week follow-up period is inadequate to judge the long-term effects of the intervention. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are required to establish the long-term effects of the intervention.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant tumour in the world1; it has the highest morbidity and mortality rates. Approximately 2.1 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths were recorded globally in 2018.1 Early-stage lung cancer (stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ lung cancer in accordance with the TNM staging system, an internationally accepted system used to characterize the extent of disease)2 accounts for approximately 15%–20% of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases.3 The number of individuals diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer is anticipated to increase because of the advances in screening and early detection by low-dose CT scanning.4 For individuals with early-stage lung cancer, surgery offers the best chance of treatment or long-term survival and the surgical resection rate was 58.9%.5 As people become increasingly interested in and adopt lung cancer screening,6 the number of people who have surgery for early-stage disease is likely to increase.
For cancer treatment, surgery is performed soon after the diagnosis. Lung cancer surgery is an episodic and intense event for family caregivers.7 Patients with lung cancer are discharged from the hospital early after surgery due to changes in the healthcare environment and developments in surgical care with minimally invasive procedures; patient care responsibilities shift from professional caregivers to patients’ family members.8 Family caregivers play a key role in providing ongoing long-term care and assistance to their loved ones during the cancer treatment process.9 However, these family caregivers are unprepared for their roles; they do not have sufficient resources, such as knowledge and skills of caring for patients, and may undergo severe psychological distress, increasing caregiver burden and decreased quality of life related to their caregiving role.10–13Apart from the demanding care responsibilities, family caregivers deal with the uncertainty of the future and grief associated with their loved ones’ impending departure.14All of these factors could place caregivers under considerable stress, thus reducing their own quality of life and affecting patients’ health outcomes and mental health.15 16 Evidence from current literature that focuses on the psychological distress of family caregivers in lung surgery is scarce. Psychological distress is defined as a state of emotional suffering characterised by symptoms of depression (eg, loss of interest, sadness and hopelessness) and anxiety (eg, restlessness and feeling tense).17 Family caregivers’ mental health was found to be poorer than population norms in a study involving family caregivers of patients with lung cancer and those who were surgically treated.18 Over 50% of family caregivers of patients with lung cancer suffer from significant anxiety or depressive symptoms.19–21 This finding emphasises the urgent need for interventions targeting distressed caregivers to improve their ability to cope with the stress of caring for patients with lung cancer.
Several psychosocial interventions have been developed for family caregivers of patients with lung cancer. The interventions differ in terms of goals (eg, alleviate anxiety and depression, reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life), underlying methods (eg, cognitive–behavioural therapy, coping skills training and meditation), delivery format (eg, telephone, online and face-to-face) and addressed participants (eg, dyads and sole caregiver). Studies have explored the effect of psychosocial interventions on caregivers of patients with advanced lung cancer22 23 and those with non-surgical lung cancer.24 DuBenske et al22 found that caregivers of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the intervention group who received the comprehensive health enhancement support system experienced a lower caregiver burden and less negative mood than those in the control group who received standard care after 6 months of the intervention. Badr et al23 also found that caregivers of patients with advanced lung cancer who received psychosocial telephone intervention showed significantly decreased anxiety, depression and caregiver burden compared with the usual care control group at an 8‐week follow‐up. Aubin et al24 revealed that providing pragmatic intervention for family caregivers of patients newly diagnosed with non-surgical lung cancer was not effective in reducing their anxiety and depression. On the contrary, the qualitative assessment of the intervention by family caregivers was positive as they unanimously appreciated it. However, the results of intervention in the oncology population during advanced lung cancer or non-surgical lung cancer could not be generalised to caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer.
A systematic review has collectively identified 22 psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of patients with lung cancer.25 The interventions included mindfulness‐based stress reduction training, yoga, symptom management, coping skills training, problem-solving, effective communication, self-care, symptom management and palliative care. Findings from the review provided preliminary evidence for the effects of psychosocial interventions on caregivers’ psychosocial outcomes, notably in reducing burden and distress (anxiety and depression) and increasing quality of life, self-efficacy and coping abilities. Overall, interventions had positive effects on various outcomes for caregivers of patients with lung cancer. However, only one study included caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer. Porter et al26 compared the effectiveness of caregiver-assisted coping skill training and education/support in patients with early-stage lung cancer (80.5% of patients were treated with surgery). They found that in both conditions, caregivers showed improvements in anxiety from baseline to 4-month follow-up.26 The coping skill training intervention was more beneficial to patients/caregivers with stage II (15.9%) cancers according to exploratory analyses, whereas the education/support intervention was more beneficial to patients/caregivers with stage I (52.6%) cancer.
To date, only one study specifically targeted family caregivers of patients undergoing surgery for early-stage lung cancer. Sun et al27 developed a multimedia self-management intervention that was based on the Chronic Care Self-Management Model targeting readiness and preparedness for lung surgery and postoperative recovery. They found that the intervention was feasible and acceptable in supporting the physical and psychosocial readiness and preparedness for lung surgery and postoperative recovery. They also showed exploratory evidence demonstrating the intervention’s potential effect on the emotional quality of life, self-efficacy, activation and knowledge. However, the study paid minimal attention to the caregivers’ psychological distress and stress coping. Furthermore, the study was based on participants with an American cultural background, which may not be applicable to Chinese population. Therefore, a randomised controlled trial is proposed in this study to test the efficacy of a perioperative support programme in reducing the psychological distress of family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer.
Theoretical framework
The Stress-Coping Model28 is used as the theoretical framework for this study. According to the model, stress occurs when a situation is demanding and appropriate resources are not available to maintain psychological equilibrium for coping effectively. When a loved one is diagnosed with lung cancer, the family caregivers are at risk of experiencing various negative outcomes. Family caregivers may also experience stress associated with the uncertain consequences of the diagnosis, side effects during treatment and the patients’ ongoing physical and psychological problems. Then, they may activate coping responses and seek social support. Caregivers experience psychological distress when coping abilities or resources available to caregivers are perceived to be inadequate or insufficient to meet the demands of care.29 The perioperative support programme in the present study could potentially increase family caregivers’ coping resources by providing them with appropriate information, skills and support and diminishing psychological distress.
Aims
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a perioperative support programme integrating coping and communication skill training with psychoeducational strategies on the outcomes of family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer, as follows: psychological distress (primary outcome), caregiving burden, quality of life, coping style and social support. In addition, a qualitative component of the study will document the perceived usefulness of the intervention by family caregivers and its effects on psychological distress in the intervention group.
Methods and analysis
Design and setting
The study is a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. The intervention will be delivered perioperatively and it involves four face-to-face sessions with the caregiver, followed by two weekly telephone follow-up sessions after discharge. Caregiver outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after the intervention. The study will be conducted in two wards of the thoracic surgery department at a university-affiliated hospital in Changsha, China. The flow chart for the randomised controlled trial is shown in figure 1.
Flow chart of the study.
Participants
Family caregivers of patients with stages Ⅰ or Ⅱ lung cancer who are scheduled to undergo lung resection surgery are eligible to participate. The inclusion criteria for family caregivers are as follows: (1) identified by patients as primary caregivers who will provide daily assistance and emotional support during patients’ perioperative period; (2) aged 18 years or older; (3) able to read and speak Chinese; and (4) able to provide written informed consent. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) caregivers who are undergoing active cancer treatment; (2) caregivers who have received a similar support intervention and (3) caregivers who are paid.
Recruitment
Research staff will work closely with the thoracic surgeons on a daily basis to identify eligible patients on admission. Eligible patients will be identified from the electronic patient data management system by the principal investigator. When eligibility is established, the principal investigator will contact the eligible family caregivers of patients and explain the study purpose, answer questions and ascertain interest in enrolment. If the caregivers agree to enrol, informed consent will be obtained. An example of the consent form is included in the online supplemental material. Family caregivers will be subjected to a complete baseline assessment after providing informed consent. The reasons for not taking part in the study and the reasons for exclusion will be documented. Participant recruitment has started in May 2022.
Supplemental material
Randomisation
Eligible family caregivers will be randomly allocated to intervention and control groups by a research assistant who is not involved in other processes of the study. The randomisation scheme will be performed with a web-based randomisation tool (www.randomization.com). Grouping will be performed through blocked randomisation (block size of four or six). Allocation numbers will be concealed with sealed opaque envelopes. Owing to the nature of the intervention, the participants and the intervener will not be blinded. However, outcome assessors will be blinded to group allocation.
Intervention and control group
Participants assigned to the intervention group will be invited to attend the perioperative support programme. The programme was developed by a multidisciplinary team that included two thoracic surgeons, three clinical nurses, two psychologists and five family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer. The intervention will be delivered by the principal investigator, who is an oncology nurse with 4 years of experience. It is composed of four 1-hour face-to-face group (four to six participants per group) sessions and two weekly 15-minute telephone follow-up sessions. The intervention begins at admission and continues for as long as 2 weeks after hospital discharge. The sessions are delivered at different times (the detailed intervention times are presented in table 1) in the perioperative setting. This design was selected to diminish information overload and burden for family caregivers. The intervention aims to improve caregivers’ perioperative care knowledge and coping skills to reduce psychological distress and caregiver burden and improve their quality of life. Details of the intervention for each session are presented in table 1.
Overview of the perioperative support programme
The principal investigator documents any tailoring of the intervention to meet caregivers’ needs, caregivers’ engagement in the session and caregivers’ verbalisation of understanding of the session content. The dose of the intervention will be tracked by recording the duration of each session, any additional contacts with the caregiver and any missed visits by the caregiver.
Participants assigned to the control group will receive usual care consisting of pain management, perioperative care and rehabilitation exercise.
Sample size and power calculations
Considering that distress is the primary outcome, the total Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)30 score (range=0–42) will be used to calculate the sample size. A two-sided t-test on the total HADS score will require 64 participants in each group to have 80% power to detect a medium-sized difference (effect size=0.5)31 with α=0.05. Considering the attrition rate of 17%, 154 participants will be included.
Outcome measurements and assessments
For caregivers in the intervention and control groups, outcome assessments will be obtained in person at baseline or by telephone calls during follow-ups by a trained research assistant, who will be blinded to the group allocation. The main collection points are baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after the completion of the intervention. Table 2 shows the overview of study outcomes and measurement details. At baseline, the sociodemographic data of the caregivers will be obtained to assess the groups’ comparability, and thus, the results’ external validity. All study outcomes will be collected using validated tools.
Overview of study outcomes and measurement details
Primary outcome
Psychological distress
The primary outcome of this study will be the distress of family caregivers, to be assessed by the HADS.30 This 14-item scale includes two seven-item subscales that assess anxiety and depression in the past week. Each subscale has a score range of 0–21. A global score of 15 or more on the 14-item scale (ranging from 0 to 42) indicates clinically significant distress.32 This tool is widely used in research to assess anxiety, depression and distress in various populations with a range of health conditions33–35 and in the general populations without any specific medical disease,36 including family caregivers of patients with cancer.37 The Chinese versions of HADS have been shown to be reliable and valid among caregivers of patients with cancer, with Cronbach’s α coefficients of anxiety and depression subscales being 0.857 and 0.851, respectively.38
Secondary outcomes
Caregiving burden of caregivers
Caregiver burden will be measured using the Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZBI) developed by Zarit et al.39 The scale consists of 22 items that are scored on 5-point Likert scales (0=never, 4=almost always). The scores for each item are summed to obtain a total score, with a range of 0–88 (0–20: low or absence of burden; 21–40: mild to moderate burden; 41–60: moderate to severe burden; 61–88: severe burden).40 The Chinese version of ZBI is a valid and reliable tool (Cronbach’s α=0.87) for assessing caregiver burden.41 42
Quality of life
The Quality of Life Family Version will be used to assess the quality of life of caregivers of patients with cancer. This scale was developed by Ferrell and Grant,43 translated to Chinese version and validated by Liu et al.44 The Chinese version instrument consisted of 35 items categorised into four subscales (physical health conditions, psychological health conditions, social conditions and spiritual health conditions). The scoring will be based on a scale ranging from 0 (worst outcome) to 10 (best outcome). The scale has been evaluated over the total and subscale scores. A high score indicates high level of quality of life. The scale demonstrates good reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.794) and construct validity.44
Coping style of caregivers
The caregivers’ coping style preferences will be assessed using the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). This 20-item scale is divided into two subscales: active coping and passive coping. Participants will be asked to respond using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Each subscale’s mean score will be calculated, with a higher score showing a higher tendency of using that specific coping strategy.45 The SCSQ has been shown to have good reliability and validity in Chinese population, with internal consistencies of 0.89 and 0.78 for active and passive coping subscales, respectively.46
Social support of caregivers
The Social Support Rate Scale developed by Xiao will be used to evaluate caregivers’ social support.47 This 10-item scale assesses three areas of social support: subjective support, objective support and support utilisation. The total score (range of 12–66) will be calculated by adding all of the items together. A high score indicates high levels of perceived social support.
Patient and public involvement
Family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer, thoracic surgeons, clinical nurses and psychologists were involved via focus groups in the development of trial components in the study mentioned above. Before the start of the pilot study, family caregivers were invited to participate in the main sessions of the perioperative support programme to ensure clarity and comprehension. After the pilot study, caregivers will be invited to provide their perspectives on the format of the programme, the content of each session and the questionnaire. As a subsequent step, the feedback from participants of the feasibility study will be used to further optimise the intervention for the following efficacy evaluation study. After the end of the whole study, a focus group interview will be carried out among participants in the intervention group by the principal investigator to obtain their perspectives on the acceptability and usability of the perioperative support programme.
Data analysis
The intention-to-treat analysis will be used in the study. All analyses will be performed using SPSS Statistics (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, V.26.0), and the significance level will be set at 0.05. Continuous data will be summarised using means, medians, SDs, IQRs and ranges. Distributions will be tested for normality via Shapiro-Wilk test. Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon test will be used to compare continuous data. Categorical data will be compared by χ2 or Fisher’s exact test. A generalised estimating equation model will be used to compare the differential changes in outcomes between the intervention and control groups across three endpoints (T0, T1 and T2).
Ethics and dissemination
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (LYG2022003) and was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200058280). All study participants will be informed in detail about the study’s aims and procedures and required to sign a consent form to be filed with the study documents. They could withdraw from the study for any reason at any moment.
The information gathered in this study will be treated with confidentiality. All data will be securely stored at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and accessible only to those who are directly associated with the study and have signed the confidentiality agreement.
The study will be carried out in line with any proposed and approved revisions, and the Declaration of Helsinki’s ethical principles. The authors will disseminate the study’s findings by publishing them in international scientific journals.
Discussion
Family caregivers are essential to caring for patients with cancer, as they are their major source of support.9 However, their lives are upended by such responsibility, and they ignore their own health to support their cancer-stricken relative.48 49Family caregivers need to be provided with the resources, information and support to stay healthy and continue their caregiving role.50 51Most previous caregiver studies focused on patients who are nearing the end of their lives. Few support interventions that specifically target family caregivers in thoracic surgery could be found in the literature. The perioperative support programme was developed to provide tailored support for family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer. This intervention differs from those described in previous studies in that it is tailored to the specific needs of family caregivers of patients with early-stage lung cancer. It is also offered during the perioperative period, which focuses attention on caregiver needs and includes coping and communication skill training with psychoeducational strategies. The hypothesis is that family caregivers who receive the intervention will have less psychological distress and caregiver burden and have a higher quality of life than caregivers in the control group.
This study is timely and special for several reasons. The intervention has a one-of-a-kind timing, and its delivery will start in the preoperative setting. This factor is critical because the time to perform the intervention on family caregivers is short due to patients’ early discharge. Studies involving family caregivers that begin before cancer surgery are few.52 Furthermore, the intervention is tailored to the needs of caregivers and it incorporates coping and communication skill training into the caregiver’s psychoeducational intervention.
This study has a few limitations that must be considered. First, due to time and resource limits, this study will be conducted in a single centre, and the results may not be generalisable to other centres. Second, a 12-week follow-up period is inadequate to judge the long-term effects of the intervention. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are required to establish the long-term effects of the intervention. Finally, patient health outcomes are not included in this study, and whether the intervention contributed to patients’ recovery is unknown.
This study addresses the critical need to test an intervention on the basis of the perioperative needs of family caregivers to better support and educate them. If this intervention is effective, it could potentially reach all caregivers who are responsible for providing perioperative care to their loved ones. The research team is currently pilot testing the perioperative support programme to assess its feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy. The pilot study involving 70 participants has been completed and statistical data analyses are currently underway. The details of the pilot study will be reported elsewhere.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors SZ, CY, TL and JL contributed to the study conception and design, attaining the funding to support the project and preparing documents for ethical approval. SZ developed the intervention together with CY, LK, JL and LL. SC is supervising statistician and provided statistical support, while JL and LL provided overall advice and content for the study protocol. SZ and CY contributed content to the original manuscript and have assisted with revisions. All authors provided critical revisions and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by the Natural Science Youth Foundation of Hunan Province (grant number 2021JJ40838) and the Health Commission of Hunan Province (grant number 20200605).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.