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Abstract
Introduction Some empirical studies have identified an association between informal caregiving for adults and loneliness or social isolation. However, there is a lack of a review systematically synthesising empirical studies that have examined these associations. Hence, the aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of evidence from observational studies.
Methods and analysis Three electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL) will be searched (presumably in May 2021), and reference lists of included studies will be searched manually. Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies examining the association between informal caregiving for adults and loneliness or social isolation will be included. Studies focusing on grandchildren care or private care for chronically ill children will be excluded. Data extraction will include information related to study design, definition and measurement of informal caregiving, loneliness and social isolation, sample characteristics, statistical analysis and main results. The quality of the studies will be evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Two reviewers will perform the selection of studies, data extraction and assessment of study quality. Figures and tables will be used to summarise and report results. A narrative summary of the findings will be provided. If data permit, a meta-analysis will be conducted.
Ethics and dissemination No primary data will be collected. Therefore, approval by an ethics committee is not required. We plan to publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42020193099.
- epidemiology
- mental health
- social medicine
- informal caregiving
- loneliness
- parental caregiving
- social isolation
- social exclusion
- spousal caregiving
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- epidemiology
- mental health
- social medicine
- informal caregiving
- loneliness
- parental caregiving
- social isolation
- social exclusion
- spousal caregiving
Strengths and limitations of this study
This will be the first systematic review focusing on the results regarding informal care, loneliness and social isolation.
Quality assessment will be conducted for studies selected for inclusion in the review.
Two reviewers: selection of the studies, data extraction and assessment of the study quality.
Meta-analysis will be performed (if data permit).
Restricted to articles in German or English language
Introduction
Most individuals who need care prefer home care for as long as possible.1 2 A plausible explanation is that individuals who need care prefer to remain in familiar environments.3 4 In light of demographic ageing, the number of individuals in need of care is expected to rise. This emphasises the relevance of home care.
Informal caregiving (ie, provision of private care for relatives, friends or neighbours in need of care; often covering various tasks, eg, from assistance with household tasks to personal care5) is an important part of home care. The vast majority of studies examining the consequences of informal caregiving have concentrated on health-related outcomes, such as depressive symptoms, and have mainly showed harmful effects for caregivers.6–10
Based on the caregiver stress model introduced by Pearlin et al,11 caregiving can cover various stressors including caregiver burden.12–14 Depending on the coping resources, these stressors can also affect loneliness and social isolation.15 To date, some studies have explicitly examined social outcomes like loneliness and social isolation for caregivers,16–19 partially showing an association between informal caregiving and increased loneliness. However, it may also be the case that providing informal care can increase social network size and may therefore contribute to reduced loneliness or social isolation. Thus far, there is a lack of a review systematically synthesising evidence on the association between informal caregiving for adults, and loneliness as well as social isolation. Thus, a systematic review is required to establish the evidence base. Hence, the aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of evidence from observational studies. This knowledge may assist in reducing loneliness and social isolation. This is important as these factors are associated with chronic conditions and longevity.20 21
Given the fact that informal caregiving must often be prioritised, the association between informal caregiving and increased loneliness and social isolation is plausible because informal caregiving may come at the expense of spending time with family and friends.22 Ultimately, this can result in increased self-reports of loneliness and social isolation. This is important since caregivers’ experiences of loneliness can have adverse effects on emotional, social and physical well-being of them.23 However, it has been shown that the negative impact of caregiving can be mitigated (ie, through group-based leisure activities).22
It should be acknowledged that loneliness and social isolation are associated but are distinct concepts.24 Loneliness can be defined as the feeling that one’s social network is of poorer quality or smaller than desired,25 26 whereas social isolation reflects a lack feeling that one belongs to the society.25–27 Moreover, (objective) social isolation can refer to a ‘lack of contact with family, friends or other people’28 (also see the Eligibility criteria section for further details). Both, loneliness and social isolation refer to social needs.29 Additional details regarding the terminology are, for example, provided by Holt-Lunstad30 or Dahlberg.31
Methods and analysis
The current review’s methodology satisfied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols guidelines.32 This review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. We intend to start our electronic search in May 2021 and plan to submit our systematic in a peer-reviewed journal in October 2021.
Eligibility criteria
We will perform a pretest (100 titles/abstract will be screened) prior to defining final eligibility criteria. Criteria will be refined as needed.
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria for our systematic review are:
Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies investigating the association between informal caregiving for adults (≥18 years) and loneliness or social isolation.
Assessment of key variables with established tools (eg, three item version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale V.333 or validated single item measures34).
Studies in English or German language, published in a peer-reviewed, scientific journal.
It is worth noting that we will include studies dealing with perceived social isolation (eg, using the Bude and Lantermann scale35) and objective social isolation (eg, assessed by a small number or absence of contacts or relationships in different areas: individual, family, community and society31 36 37) in our upcoming review.
It should be noted that perceived social isolation differs from loneliness. While these factors are correlated (eg, the De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale and the Bude and Lantermann scale with about r=0.50 in the German Ageing Survey),38 they do not measure the same construct. Moreover, they differ in their determinants and outcomes.39–41 For further details, see Hajek and König.38
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria for our systematic review are:
Studies focusing on grandchildren care.
Studies focusing on private care for chronically ill children.
Studies solely investigating samples with a specific disorder in the caregivers (eg, studies exclusively including caregivers with specific disorders such as depression).
We will search Medline, CINAHL and PsycInfo. Our search strategy for Medline is presented in table 1 (with no restrictions regarding the time and place of studies). Reference lists and citations of the studies included in our review will be searched manually by two reviewers (AH, BK).
Search strategy (Medline search algorithm)
Data management
Data will be imported into Endnote X7 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA), while (if possible), Stata V.16.0 (StataCorp) will be used for meta-analysis.
Study selection process
Two reviewers (AH, BK) will perform a title/abstract screening. Following this, the same two reviewers will screen full texts. Discussions will be held if opinions differ. A third party (H-HK) will be involved if consensus cannot be reached.
Data collection process and data items
Data extraction will be conducted by two reviewers (AH, BK). If required, we will involve a third party (H-HK). Data extraction will include study design, definition and measurement of main variables (ie, informal caregiving, loneliness and social isolation), sample characteristics, statistical approach and main findings. When important data cannot be extracted, or if clarification is required, we will contact the study authors.
Assessment of study quality/risk of bias
The study quality will be assessed using an appropriate quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies (National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies42). Two reviewers (AH, BK) will independently assess the quality of the studies. If needed, discussions will be held. A third party (H-HK) will be included, if agreement cannot be reached.
Data synthesis
A PRISMA flow diagram will be used to illustrate the process of study selection. The main results will be displayed via a narrative synthesis. Furthermore, we intend to perform a sensitivity analysis where we only analyse studies with a high quality. If possible, results will be categorised according to type of caregiving (eg, spousal or parental caregiving) or by outcome measure (eg, loneliness or social isolation). If the requirements for conducting a meta-analysis are fulfilled (eg, in terms of homogeneity in design and outcome measures), we will perform a meta-analysis. In further detail, extracted aggregated participant data will be quantitatively investigated by two individuals (AH, BK). In dependence of the fact whether there is significant heterogeneity, summary estimates (eg, standardised mean differences) will be estimated using a fixed-effect or random-effect meta-analysis (using the inverse variance method). The heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I² test. A value of I²>50% will be evaluated as indicative of high heterogeneity.43 In such a case, a random-effects model will be used (fixed effect otherwise). Forest plots will also be used to visualise the degree of heterogeneity among studies.
Additional subgroup analyses by age of care-recipient and country of origin (eg, low-income and middle-income countries vs high-income countries) are intended.
Patient and public involvement statement
The present review protocol did not involve individual patients or public agencies.
Discussion
To date, various studies have examined health consequences of informal caregiving while single studies (eg, see44) have revealed beneficial effects of informal caregiving, the majority of studies have shown harmful consequences (eg, see6–10). Some studies have also examined the association between informal caregiving and its consequences for loneliness and social isolation (eg, see16–19). Nevertheless, a systematic review, systematically synthesising these studies, is lacking. Consequently, the purpose of our systematic review is to give an overview of observational studies on the association between informal caregiving and loneliness or social isolation. Additionally, the quality of included studies will be assessed. Knowledge about an association between informal caregiving and loneliness or social isolation may be of particular importance to target individuals at risk for increased self-reports of loneliness or social isolation. Avoiding or responding to loneliness or social isolation may assist in maintaining health status of informal caregivers.
Our review may identify potential gaps in knowledge, such as a general lack of studies examining this association. Moreover, most of the existing studies may focus on loneliness, rather than social isolation. Depending on the tool used to quantify the outcome measures, the effects may vary. Furthermore, it is possible that evidence mainly stems from cross-sectional studies. In sum, this review may assist in guiding future research.
Strengths and limitations
This will be the first systematic review summarising empirical studies on the association between informal caregiving and loneliness, as well as social isolation. Several steps (ie, study selection, extracting the data and assessment of study quality) will be performed by two reviewers. Due to the possible heterogeneity of included studies, it is possible that a meta-analysis may not be feasible. We will restrict our search to articles published in peer-reviewed journals. While this may ensure a certain quality of the studies, other important studies may be excluded.
Ethics and dissemination
No primary data will be collected. Therefore, approval by an ethics committee is not required. We plan to publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal.
References
Footnotes
Contributors The study concept was developed by AH, BK and H-HK. The manuscript of the protocol was drafted by AH and critically revised by BK and H-HK. The search strategy was developed by AH and H-HK. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment will be performed by AH and BK, with H-HK as a third party in case of disagreements. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.