Study design and setting

This single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will be conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The ‘Committee on Clinical Investigations’ at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center has reviewed and approved this study (protocol number 2019P000759). The study started enrolling participants on 28 February 2020 and the estimated study completion date is July 2022. Any modifications to the protocol, which may have an impact on the conduct of the study, or may affect patient safety, including changes of study objectives, study design, patient population, sample sizes, study procedures or significant administrative aspects, will be sent for approval to the ethics committee/institutional review board (IRB) prior to implementation and notified to the health authorities in accordance with local regulations.

Study population

A total of 120 patients will be enrolled to reach the enrolment goal of 100 patients accounting for drop-outs. Participants aged ≥60 years and undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with or without aortic and/or mitral valve replacement will be included. Participants meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded: preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction <30%, renal failure (creatinine >2 mg/dL or dialysis dependence), liver failure (Child-Pugh score >6), coma (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) <−1), signs and symptoms of delirium and agitation at time of enrolment (confusion assessment method (CAM)-ICU positive), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)<23 at time of consent, psychiatric or neurological diseases (including chronic benzodiazepine use, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, the requirement of prophylactic psychiatric medication, evidence of acute depression on screening visit, pre-existing cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, medications for cognitive decline, history of recent seizures (within 1 year prior to visit), alcoholism or documented history of alcohol abuse, and narcolepsy), severe sleep apnoea requiring home continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) >40), known or suspected pregnancy, patients with known hypersensitivity to study medications, English language limitations, or enrolment in other interventional studies which could confound the primary endpoint.

The following secondary exclusion criteria will be assessed after surgery and before randomisation: time between discontinuation of sedation and start of sleep trial <4 hours, discharge from ICU before sleep trial, coma, evidence of delirium, loss of enteral access, massive intraoperative haemorrhage or postoperative respiratory failure.

Potentially eligible patients will be identified on medical and surgical floors, at preadmission testing clinic appointments, or in the cardiac catheterisation lab. Potential study participants will be approached preoperatively by trained study staff and informed written consent will be obtained. Figure 2 outlines the flow of the study.

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Figure 2

Study flow and eligibility criteria. BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft ICU, intensive care unit; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale.

Intervention

Patients will receive the study medication (suvorexant 20 mg or placebo) orally on the night of the sleep trial, if extubated before 19:00. If a patient is extubated after 19:00, the study medication will be administered the night after extubation if the patient is still in the cardiac ICU. The study medication will be administered at the same time every day (between 21:00 and 22:00) for all the patients. We allowed for a 1-hour window of study drug administration to provide some degree of flexibility to nursing staff administering the study drug. Prior to every drug administration, the RASS will be assessed. In case of a RASS value less than −1, the study drug will not be administered.

The study drug will be discontinued

1. after seven consecutive doses following extubation; or

2. at hospital discharge (if less than 7 days after extubation); or

3. at ICU discharge if signs of airway obstruction were observed during sleep in the ICU; or

4. at ICU discharge or after three consecutive doses, whichever occurs sooner, if inhibitors of CYP3A (eg, ciprofloxacin, verapamil, diltiazem, erythromycin, digoxin) are coadministered; or

5. in the event of early termination (ie, subject withdrawal of consent, investigator withdrawal for toxicity or other reasons).

Dexmedetomidine will not be administered to subjects enrolled in the study after extubation due to possible preventive effects on postoperative sleep or delirium. To decrease the possible effects of sleep promoting agents on the study outcome, first choice rescue medication will be low-dose melatonin (2 mg to be administered no earlier than 3 hours after study drug administration). If this is insufficient and sleeplessness persists, a low-dose benzodiazepine may be added (no earlier than 2 hours after melatonin administration). Haloperidol may be given for agitation, and oxycodone (or dilaudid as second line choice) may be given for pain control, as deemed necessary by the primary care team. Study subjects will receive care as per standard practice.

Assessment of study endpoints

Sleep and wakefulness will be measured by EEG using a SedLine Brain Function Monitor during the night of the sleep trial. A frontal bilateral array of sensors will be placed similar to AASM recommendations before study medications are administered. Bifrontal electrodes measure four channels of raw EEG with separate recording of locomotor electromyography (EMG) artefacts. This provides a less invasive, but effective, way to quantify sleep. EEG data will be analysed using dedicated computer software and visual inspection in accordance with AASM guidelines to differentiate sleep (REM stage or non-REM stages N1–N3) and wakefulness (stage W).

Additionally, EEG band power analysis will be performed by analysing the EEG data using customised routines in MatLab in order to assist visual inspection. This provides means to rapidly characterise sleep architecture defined as structured temporal order of different sleep stages throughout the night.46 An illustration of how inspection might be supported by power spectrum density is shown in figure 3. A wrist actigraph will be used to detect movements during sleep to help trace motion-related EEG artefacts more precisely.

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Figure 3

Data derived from a portable EEG monitor with six 6 electrodes,including four 4 active channels (R1, R2, L1, L2), one reference channel (CT), and one ground channel (CB).The acquisition montage mimics electrodes placed according to the International 10–20 System – Fp1,Fp2, F7, and F8, each referenced to FpZ. The raw 250 Hz EEG is converted to European Data Format and filtered at low and high frequency (LFF 0.3Hz- HFF 35 Hz). Similarly, EMG is approximated from changes in forehead muscle tone in channels Fp1-F8 and Fp2-F7. These channels will be filtered as EMGs(LFF 10 Hz, HFF 70 Hz). Absence of muscle tone from these leads will assist in scoring REM sleep. (A) EEG waveform, (B) corresponding multitaper spectrogram and its characteristics at different vigilance states (C) during a full night sleep (7.5 hours). While the raw whole night EEG (A) does not allow immediate interpretation, sleep architecture is distinguishable in the corresponding multitaper spectrogram (B). Spectrograms will be used to assist and accelerate sleep staging by trained sleep physicians. C-1-Awake: active wakefulness presents with strong alpha activity (8–13 Hz) in both, the raw EEG and the power spectrum. C-2-NREM Sleep: absence of spindles and predominance of slow delta waves (0.5–2 Hz) in sleep stage 3 are observed. The multitaper spectrogram is dominated by strong delta power. C-3-REM: alpha and theta waves present during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the absence of K-complexes or spindles is observed in the EEG which corresponds with REM sleep, accordingly the spectrogram is dominated by theta and alpha power.

Primary outcome

The primary outcome will be WASO in minutes, which will be defined as the duration of wakefulness after the onset of sleep in the observation period between 22:00 (lights off) and 06:00 (lights on). The onset of sleep will be defined on the EEG as the first 30 seconds epoch of sleep (REM or non-REM stages 1, 2, 3) after lights off. Wakefulness will be defined as an awake period of 30 s or longer.

Secondary outcome

Secondary outcomes will include TST (REM or non-REM stages 1, 2, 3) measured during the night of the sleep trial by using EEG, in analogy to the primary outcome.

Exploratory outcomes

Subjective sleep quality will be assessed using the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ). Patients will be asked to complete a sleep questionnaire for at least one night before surgery or, if possible, daily, starting 3 days before surgery and for as long as the study medication is administered. The RCSQ is a validated survey instrument for assessing sleep quality in critically ill patients based on a five-item, Visual Analogue Scale (each ranging from 0 (worst value) to 100 (best value)).47 48 The questionnaire evaluates perceptions of depth of sleep, sleep onset latency, number of awakenings, time spent awake and overall sleep quality.

Delirium

After the patient consents to be enrolled in the study, a trained study team member will proceed with a baseline cognitive and delirium assessment. This will include the assessment of cognitive function using the MoCA, which will then be used to complete the CAM.49 This standardised assessment tool focuses on the four main features of delirium: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganised thinking and altered level of consciousness.

These assessments and scorings will be repeated daily between 10:00 and 12:00 by trained study team members blinded to the treatment allocation until the patient is discharged from the hospital. Nurses additionally assess and document the CAM-ICU score once per shift.

Furthermore, cognitive assessments will be performed at a participant’s convenience to ensure ability to finish the evaluations. Treating clinicians will assess and treat delirium following standard of care guidelines, including assessment and correction of reversible causes. Delirium assessments performed for research purposes will not be provided to the treating clinicians. Use of intravenous haloperidol for agitation, if needed, will be documented in the study records. Non-verbal (intubated) patients will be administered the CAM-ICU, which includes both brief cognitive testing and the CAM algorithm to determine the presence or absence of delirium. CAM/CAM-ICU is valid only if a patient is not oversedated. Therefore, the RASS is recorded before every delirium assessment, and the CAM/CAM-ICU assessment is administered only if RASS > −3. In participants with a positive CAM result, a research team member blinded to the study group will perform the Delirium Symptom Interview, a standardised cognitive assessment evaluating attention, orientation and memory of patients.

Blinding and randomisation

After postoperative extubation, eligible patients will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either suvorexant 20 mg or placebo. Variable block size randomisation will be stratified by duration of perioperative anaesthesia and sedation, using a cut-off value of 420 min of perioperative sedation based on observations in previous studies.49 An independent statistician not involved in data analysis will provide the allocation sequence directly to the research pharmacy. All other study personnel will be unaware of a participants’ treatment allocation. Randomisation number-specific codebreakers, prepared by the research pharmacy, will contain information about a participant’s treatment allocation in a sealed envelope and will be kept in the patient’s medical record. If unblinding procedures are necessary for clinical reasons, the codebreaker envelope will only be opened with principal investigator (PI) approval, as instructed on the envelope. The PI will immediately inform the research pharmacy and study team of any unblinding procedures. Study team members will physically deliver the first dose of the study medication. Subsequently, the research pharmacy will be responsible for delivering the study medication during the upcoming nights. Any unused drug will be returned to the research pharmacy for disposal.

Data collection

We will obtain baseline descriptive data, including age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, admission diagnosis, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE-II) score, type and severity of chronic lung disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, history of obstructive sleep apnoea, sleeping history prior to surgery, smoking history, history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident or neurological dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Procedural Severity Score and laboratory values. In order to differentiate effects of other variables on sleep from the effects of the study drug, we will further record data throughout the perioperative period, including vital signs, medications administered, length and type of surgery, time of surgery, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of bypass time, total blood loss, blood transfusions, vasopressor requirement, total opioid requirement, postoperative complications and ICU length of stay prior to drug administration.

We will also record nursing–patient interactions (eg, intravenous line placement, intravenous flushing, blood sampling, turning/positioning of patients, wound care, breathing treatments, medication administrations, vital sign checks, neurological checks, point-of-care glucose measurements and patient-initiated contacts). We will measure ambient light exposure, using an actigraph wristwatch with an integrated RGB light sensor. This device will also measure movements (ie, accelerations and linear displacements) during the EEG defined epochs.

Adverse events and safety

Adverse events will be recorded daily. Nursing charts, physicians’ notes and online medical records will be used to identify potential adverse events. Adverse events are defined as any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient. The PI will rate the adverse events by the likelihood of association (not related, unlikely related, possibly related, probably related, definitely related) and severity of the event (mild, moderate or severe). All events will be logged by study staff and, if necessary, will be reported to the ethics committee/IRB. The most common side effects of suvorexant in clinical trials were somnolence, diarrhoea, dry mouth, headaches, dizziness and coughing. Abnormal dreams, hallucinations, tachycardia and sleep paralysis are less common side effects of suvorexant.41 42 Standard-of-care monitoring in the ICU, such as continuous blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory measurements and regular blood sampling, will be in place. In this setting, any side effects related to suvorexant can be quickly diagnosed and treated, if necessary.

Data management

Data will be uploaded, stored and maintained on the secure Research Electronic Data Capture. The research database will not be unblinded until the medical/scientific review has been completed, protocol violations have been identified and data collection has been declared as complete. The study team will be responsible for all data entry and quality control activities.

Statistical analysis

Our primary analysis will be by modified intention to treat. As such, all randomised participants receiving at least one dose of study medication will be included in the analysis. We will consider a 30 min difference in WASO, with a SD of 45 min, as clinically meaningful.40 45 Accordingly, we expect a sample size of 50 subjects per group to provide >90% power to detect a difference between treatment groups, using a two-sided t-test with α=0.05.

For the exploratory outcome, we may see a difference of 3 delirium-free days between groups, with a SD of 5 days. This assumption is based on previous findings observed in a similar cohort studying early mobilisation.50 51 The given sample size of 100 patients will yield a power of 84.4% to detect a difference in the exploratory outcome. To account for participant drop-outs, we plan to enrol up to 120 patients to achieve the desired sample size of 100 dosed subjects.

All analyses will be conducted by blinded research staff and supervised by a statistician. The primary and secondary analyses will be by modified intention to treat and will compare WASO and TST between patients receiving suvorexant or placebo.

To determine differences between groups regarding continuous outcomes, we will analyse the data using Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate based on the distribution of the data. Binary outcomes will be compared between the two groups using a χ² test.

A p value of <0.05 will be considered statistically significant. There will be no adjustment for multiple testing. Results of secondary outcomes and post hoc analyses will therefore be considered exploratory.

While our primary analysis will be intention to treat, we will add sensitivity analyses, to control for the possible effects of low-dose benzodiazepines (lorazepam equivalent doses) on postoperative insomnia.

To determine whether there is an association between each of the previously described confounders and TST during the night of the sleep trial, we will use multivariable logistic regression models. Subsequently, we will evaluate potential interactions between any statistically significant predictors of TST and suvorexant treatment on TST.

Patient and public involvement

No patients or the public were involved in the design or conduct of this study. Patients or the public were not invited to contribute to the writing or editing of this document for readability or accuracy.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was obtained through the ‘Committee on Clinical Investigations’ at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (protocol number 2019P000759) . Results arising from this study will be published in a peer-reviewed medical journal, as well as presented at both national and international conferences.