Baseline characteristics of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, by prefecture-level per capita health expenditure
| Low-spending prefectures | Medium-spending prefectures | High-spending prefectures | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 332 213 (53.7%) | 155 077 (25.1%) | 130 864 (21.2%) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), year | 78 (67–85) | 78 (67–85) | 78 (67–85) | <0.01 |
| Male sex | 58.1% | 57.4% | 58.0% | <0.01 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Aetiology of arrest | <0.01 | |||
| Non-cardiac | 32.8% | 27.9% | 36.4% | |
| Cardiac | 67.2% | 72.1% | 63.6% | |
| VF or pulseless VT as initial cardiac rhythm | 8.3% | 8.9% | 9.3% | <0.01 |
| Response characteristics | ||||
| Type of bystander-witness status | <0.01 | |||
| No witness | 58.2% | 56.7% | 58.5% | |
| Layperson | 33.3% | 34.2% | 32.9% | |
| Healthcare provider | 8.5% | 9.1% | 8.6% | |
| CPR by bystander | <0.01 | |||
| No bystander CPR | 62.1% | 57.8% | 58.6% | |
| Compression-only CPR | 26.7% | 28.2% | 28.4% | |
| Conventional CPR | 11.2% | 13.9% | 13.0% | |
| Use of public-access AED by bystander | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.6% | <0.01 |
| Prefecture-level characteristics | ||||
| Per capita income (US$) | 25 343 (3901) | 21 827 (2674) | 22 764 (1923) | <0.01 |
Samples are those cases with no missing data on all variables used in the regression analysis. Data are expressed as n (%) for categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables, unless otherwise indicated. p Values are calculated using the χ2 test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables. Conventional CPR consists of chest compression and rescue breathing.
AED, automated external defibrillator; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.