Table 2

Percentages of participants who expressed help-seeking intentions for mental illness

	N	Informal sources			Formal sources
A. Sociodemographics
Gender
Male	1621	967	59.7%	<0.001	1170	72.2%	<0.001
Female	1687	1274	75.5%		1330	78.8%
Age, years
20–29	797	530	66.5%	0.483	551	69.1%	<0.001
30–39	842	584	69.4%		638	75.8%
40–49	837	574	68.6%		647	77.3%
50–59	832	553	66.5%		664	79.8%
Education
High school	1066	682	64.0%	<0.001	765	71.8%	0.002
Junior college/vocational school	905	651	71.9%		706	78.0%
University/graduate school	1337	908	67.9%		1029	77.0%
Marital status
Married	1960	1448	73.9%	<0.001	1543	78.7%	<0.001
Unmarried	1184	696	58.8%		829	70.0%
Divorced/widowed	164	97	59.1%		128	78.0%
Household
One person	464	251	54.1%	<0.001	326	70.3%	0.004
More than two people	2844	1990	70.0%		2174	76.4%
Occupation
No occupation	770	576	74.8%	<0.001	594	77.1%	0.506
Temporary or part-time job	560	389	69.5%		422	75.4%
Full-time job	1978	1276	64.5%		1484	75.0%
Household income
<2.0 million yen*	363	207	57.0%	<0.001	243	66.9%	<0.001
2.0–3.9 million	777	498	64.1%		569	73.2%
4.0–5.9 million	937	643	68.6%		697	74.4%
6.0–7.9 million	618	436	70.6%		490	79.3%
8.0–9.9 million	347	259	74.6%		280	80.7%
10.0+ million	266	198	74.4%		221	83.1%
B. Medical condition and exposure to mental illness
Medical condition
No disease	2449	1666	68.0%	0.829	1786	72.9%	<0.001
Any disease	879	400	45.5%		714	81.2%
Psychiatric history
No	2689	1821	67.7%	0.949	1983	73.7%	<0.001
Yes	619	420	67.9%		517	83.5%
Contact with people with mental illness
No	2006	1260	62.8%	<0.001	1421	70.8%	<0.001
Yes	1302	981	75.3%		1079	82.9%
Familiar people engaged in psychiatry
No	3157	2125	67.3%	0.015	2382	75.5%	0.452
Yes	151	116	76.8%		118	78.1%
C. Health literacy and belief about professional help
Health literacy (HLS-14)
Low	1853	1097	59.2%	<0.001	1243	67.1%	<0.001
High	1455	1144	78.6%		1257	86.4%
Embarrassment toward professional help
No	1644	1033	62.8%	<0.001	1133	68.9%	<0.001
Yes	1664	1208	72.6%		1367	82.2%
Perceived effectiveness of professional help
Negative	287	165	57.5%	<0.001	160	55.7%	<0.001
Neutral	869	495	57.0%		533	61.3%
Positive	2152	1581	73.5%		1807	84.0%
D. Social network and attitudes to everyday affairs
Social network (LSNS-6)
Low	1891	1120	59.2%	<0.001	1360	71.9%	<0.001
High	1417	1121	79.1%		1140	80.5%
Tendency to consult about everyday affairs
No	1675	817	48.8%	<0.001	1152	68.8%	<0.001
Yes	1633	1424	87.2%		1348	82.5%
Reluctance to get help
No	1713	1220	71.2%	<0.001	1273	74.3%	0.080
Yes	1595	1021	64.0%		1227	76.9%
E. Neighbourhood context
Communicative neighbourhood
No	1221	675	55.3%	<0.001	770	63.1%	<0.001
Yes	2087	1566	75.0%		1730	82.9%
Trustful neighbourhood
No	2550	1651	64.7%	<0.001	1870	73.3%	<0.001
Yes	758	590	77.8%		630	83.1%
Helpful neighbourhood
No	2311	1448	62.7%	<0.001	1657	71.7%	<0.001
Yes	997	793	79.5%		843	84.6%
Cooperative neighbourhood
No	2045	1227	60.0%	<0.001	1434	70.1%	<0.001
Yes	1263	1014	80.3%		1066	84.4%

*One million yen was about US$10 000 at the time of the survey.