Symptoms severity and relative risk of psychological distress for each complaints group
| No complaint n=1780 (22.5%) | Past complaint n=3889 (49.1%) | Recent/current complaint n=2257 (28.5%) | Total n=7926 (100%) | Relative risk for past complaint group/mean difference (95% CI) | Relative risk for recent complaint group/mean difference (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (PHQ-9) | ||||||
| Mean (SD)* | 3.7 (4.3) | 3.4 (4.2) | 5.1 (5.6) | 3.9 (4.7) | −0.3 (−0.6 to −0.0) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) |
| Moderate to severe depression n (%) | 169 (9.5%) | 303 (7.8%) | 381 (16.9%) | 852 (10.8%) | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.01) | 1.77 (1.48 to 2.13) |
| Thoughts of ‘self-harm’ n (%) | 83 (4.7%) | 221 (5.7%) | 218 (9.7%) | 522 (6.6%) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.61) | 2.08 (1.61 to 2.68) |
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | ||||||
| Mean (SD)† | 3.1 (3.8) | 3.0 (3.8) | 4.5 (4.9) | 3.5 (4.2) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) |
| Moderate to severe anxiety n (%) | 131 (7.3%) | 234 (6.0%) | 338 (15.0%) | 703 (8.9%) | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.13) | 2.08 (1.61 to 2.68) |
The analysis following multiple imputation of missing values results in non-integer numbers of patients. We rounded these to integer values, but report the percentage and relative risk as provided by the analysis. As a consequence, there may be slight discrepancies between the percentages, relative risks and the reported patient numbers.
*The PHQ-9 depression scale ranges from 0 to 27. A score below 5 indicates absence of depression, a score between 5 and 9 indicates mild depression, a score between 10 and 14 indicates moderate depression, a score between 15 and 19 indicates moderately severe depression and a score above 19 indicates severe depression.
†The GAD-7 anxiety scale ranges from 0 to 21. A score below 5 indicates minimal anxiety, a score between 5 and 9 indicates mild anxiety, a score between 10 and 14 indicates moderate anxiety and a score of 15 or above indicates severe anxiety.
GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9, Physical Health Questionnaire-9.