Cox proportional hazard analysis of the predictors of all-cause mortality in 13 864 patients with CKD in Taiwan
| Characteristics | Crude HR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 0.004 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) | 0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| <40 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 40–65 | 5.0 (3.3 to 7.4) | <0.001 | 3.6 (2.4 to 5.4) | <0.001 |
| >65 | 5.0 (4.1 to 6.0) | <0.001 | 3.7 (3.1 to 4.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 4.2 (3.6 to 4.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.8) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease* | 2.5 (2.2 to 2.9) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 0.024 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| 0 | Reference | – | – | – |
| 1 | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.1) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥2 | 3.4 (2.8 to 4.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Any hospitalisation before CKD† | 4.3 (3.7 to 5.0) | <0.001 | 2.6 (2.2 to 3.1) | <0.001 |
| Receipt of NSAID >104 pills/year | 3.1 (2.1 to 4.7) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Receipt of analgesics >104 pills/year | 3.0 (2.2 to 4.1) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.5) | <0.001 |
| Receipt of erythropoietin | 2.4 (2.0 to 2.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | 0.002 |
| Use of non-AA prescribed CHMs† | ||||
| Non-use | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Before CKD only | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.286 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.739 |
| After CKD only | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Both before and after CKD | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | <0.001 |
*Cardiovascular diseases include congenital heart disease.
†CKD and CHMs denote (the diagnosis of) chronic kidney disease and Chinese herbal medicines, respectively.
AA, aristolochic acid; CHMs, Chinese herbal medicines; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.