Table 1

Background characteristics (%) in the Finnish Happiness-Flourishing Study by level of confidence in the future (N=101 257)

				Confidence in the future*
Variable	Valid†	Whole sample N=101 257	Valid†	Low 14.5% N=12 060	Valid†	Moderate 44.7% N=37 154	Valid†	High 40.8% N=33 936	χ²	df	p Value
Gender (%)									92.9	2	<0.001
Male	100	21.1	100	22.1	100	18.4	100	20.4
Female		78.9		77.9		81.6		79.6
Age (%)	100		100		100		100		757.9	8	<0.001
18–29		17.1		22.4		17.6		14.9
30–44		30.4		33.1		31.9		29.3
45–54		24.6		24.5		24.7		25.4
55–64		21.2		15.9		19.8		23.8
>65		6.7		4.2		5.9		6.6
Education years (%)	95.0		97.2		97.4		97.9		103.1	14	<0.001
<6		4.9		5.5		4.8		4.6
6–7		2.7		2.6		2.6		2.5
8–9		5.0		5.0		4.8		5.0
10–12		18.9		19.5		18.5		18.2
13–15		27.0		27.0		27.4		26.8
16–18		27.9		25.6		28.0		29.6
19–20		9.4		9.8		9.7		9.3
>20		4.2		5.0		4.1		4.1
Income^‡ (€/year) (%)	89.9		89.4		90.0		91.4		1137.0	6	<0.001
0–17 999		24.7		32.2		24.4		22.6
18 000–35 999		24.5		28.1		26.1		21.4
36 000–59 999		22.1		20.2		22.1		22.3
60 000–		28.8		19.4		27.4		33.7
Alcohol doses per week (%)	91.1		91.0		91.8		92.6		391.0	6	<0.001
0		28.3		30.8		27.6		28.6
1–5		44.4		38.6		45.4		45.9
6–10		16.2		15.5		16.1		16.2
11		11.1		15.1		10.9		9.3
Binge drinking (%)	94.2		97.1		97.1		96.9		753.2	6	<0.001
At least 2 times a week		5.1		8.8		4.8		3.6
At least once a week		12.4		14.6		12.7		10.7
At least once a month		23.5		22.0		24.6		22.9
Less than once a month		59.1		54.6		57.9		62.9
Daily smoking (%)	82.2		85.3		84.4		85.2		518.8	2	<0.001
No		81.1		74.0		81.0		84.2
Yes		18.9		26.0		19.0		15.8
Fruits daily (%)	94.4		97.5		97.1		97.4		1182.2	2	<0.001
No		57.9		68.4		59.9		51.3
Yes		42.1		31.6		40.1		48.8
Vegetable daily (%)	95.6		98.5		98.4		98.2		1749.0	2	<0.001
No		44.9		58.2		47.1		37.1
Yes		55.1		41.8		52.9		62.9
Physical exercise (%)	98.4		99.1		99.1		99.2		1963.8	6	<0.001
Not much exercise		23.5		36.9		25.0		17.7
At least 4 h light exercise/week		46.5		40.2		46.5		48.6
At least 3 h heavy exercise/week		27.1		20.7		26.0		30.1
Training for sports competitions		2.9		2.3		2.4		3.6
Problems with children (%)	96.8		97.7		97.8		97.9		3275.6	10	<0.001
I do not have children		33.8		45.7		35.3		28.5
Almost all the time		1.6		3.8		1.7		0.7
Quite often		5.1		7.9		5.8		3.4
Sometimes		14.2		13.1		15.3		13.2
Rarely		27.4		18.9		26.7		30.8
Never		18.0		10.6		15.2		23.3
Problems with spouse (%)	96.7		97.1		97.4		97.7		5130.3	6	<0.001
I do not have a spouse		26.6		38.3		27.8		22.0
Almost all the time		7.4		15.6		8.2		3.8
Sometimes		43.9		35.9		46.6		43.2
Never		22.2		10.2		17.4		31.1
Work-related distress (%)	96.2		98.9		99.0		99.0		8798.4	8	<0.001
No work or studies		13.9		19.0		13.0		12.6
Almost all the time		6.9		19.5		7.1		2.6
Quite often		16.3		25.1		19.5		9.8
Sometimes		38.6		26.6		40.5		40.5
Rarely or never		24.3		9.8		19.9		34.6
Satisfaction with economical situation (1–7) (%)	94.2		97.2		97.1		96.6		13 112.2	4	<0.001
1–3 low		21.2		51.7		22.7		9.0
4–5 average		44.9		35.1		51.9		40.6
6–7 high		34.0		13.2		25.4		50.4

*Data available for 83 150 participants (82%).
†Proportion of participants with data available.
‡Classified in quartiles.