Distribution and relative risk for hyposmia (smell of one to three odours) or anosmia (smell of none of the four odours) in the case of smell detection using a multivariate logistic analysis of demographic and health problems
| Covariable | Hyposmia (detection) | Anosmia (detection) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8601 Subjects, 1639 with hyposmia (19%) | 9251 Subjects, 25 with anosmia (0.3%) | |||||||||
| No | Yes | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | p Value | No | Yes | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Female | 4686 (67.3%) | 967 (59.0%) | 0.78 | (0.69 to 0.88) | <0.0001 | 6077 (65.9%) | 7 (28.0%) | 0.22 | (0.07 to 0.71) | 0.0111 |
| Educational level* | ||||||||||
| Elementary school | 23 (0.3%) | 7 (0.4%) | – | – | 0.0352 | 32 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
| Middle school | 1061 (15.2%) | 247 (15.1%) | 0.76 | (0.32 to 1.81) | 1436 (15.6%) | 8 (32.0%) | – | – | ||
| High school | 3053 (43.9%) | 683 (41.7%) | 1.02 | (0.86 to 1.21) | 4020 (43.6%) | 11 (44.0%) | – | – | ||
| University | 2825 (40.6%) | 702 (42.8%) | 1.18 | (1.05 to 1.34) | 3738 (40.5%) | 6 (24.0%) | – | – | ||
| Subjective description of sense of smell* | ||||||||||
| Very good | 1563 (22.5%) | 275 (16.8%) | – | – | <0.0001 | 1968 (21.3%) | 2 (8.0%) | – | – | <0.0001 |
| Good | 4990 (71.7%) | 1167 (71.2%) | 1.24 | (1.08 to 1.44) | 6636 (71.9%) | 2 (8.0%) | 0.20 | (0.03 to 1.48) | ||
| Poor | 388 (5.6%) | 188 (11.5%) | 1.94 | (1.58 to 2.37) | 608 (6.6%) | 5 (20.0%) | 9.69 | (1.58 to 59.30) | ||
| Very poor | 21 (0.3%) | 9 (0.5%) | 0.75 | (0.33 to 1.70) | 14 (0.2%) | 16 (64.0%) | 109.54 | (30.51 to 393.35) | ||
| Loss of smell history* | ||||||||||
| Never | 4829 (69.4%) | 1130 (68.9%) | – | – | 0.0935 | 6429 (69.7%) | 5 (20.0%) | – | – | 0.0172 |
| ≤1 week | 1796 (25.8%) | 384 (23.4%) | 0.88 | (0.78 to 1.01) | 2324 (25.2%) | 1 (4.0%) | 0.71 | (0.08 to 6.35) | ||
| >1 week | 337 (4.8%) | 125 (7.6%) | 1.25 | (0.97 to 1.62) | 473 (5.1%) | 19 (76.0%) | 9.26 | (0.98 to 87.07) | ||
| Exposure to noxious substances | 2023 (29.1%) | 491 (30.0%) | 1.02 | (0.91 to 1.16) | 0.7025 | 2749 (29.8%) | 9 (36.0%) | 2.00 | (0.67 to 5.92) | 0.2117 |
| Chronic rhinosinusitis | 296 (4.3%) | 75 (4.6%) | 0.99 | (0.76 to 1.30) | 0.9662 | 410 (4.4%) | 3 (12.0%) | 0.59 | (0.09 to 3.96) | 0.5887 |
| Menstruation | 616 (8.8%) | 116 (7.1%) | 0.97 | (0.78 to 1.20) | 0.7655 | 777 (8.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
| Age (years)* | ||||||||||
| <20 | 374 (5.4%) | 54 (3.3%) | – | – | <0.0001 | 441 (4.8%) | 1 (4.0%) | – | – | – |
| 20–29 | 914 (13.1%) | 163 (9.9%) | 1.12 | (0.80 to 1.57) | 1118 (12.1%) | 1 (4.0%) | – | – | ||
| 30–39 | 1667 (23.9%) | 356 (21.7%) | 1.17 | (0.95 to 1.44) | 2150 (23.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | ||
| 40–49 | 1893 (27.2%) | 456 (27.8%) | 1.14 | (0.97 to 1.33) | 2514 (27.2%) | 2 (8.0%) | – | – | ||
| 50–59 | 1360 (19.5%) | 386 (23.6%) | 1.17 | (1.00 to 1.37) | 1909 (20.7%) | 7 (28.0%) | – | – | ||
| 60–69 | 528 (7.6%) | 162 (9.9%) | 1.08 | (0.88 to 1.34) | 779 (8.4%) | 6 (24.0%) | – | – | ||
| >70 | 226 (3.2%) | 62 (3.8%) | 0.85 | (0.61 to 1.19) | 315 (3.4%) | 8 (32.0%) | – | – | ||
| Residential zone† | ||||||||||
| Rural (reference) | 121 (1.7%) | 31 (1.9%) | 1 | – | 0.0821 | 165 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
| Semirural | 294 (4.2%) | 85 (5.2%) | 1.15 | (0.72 to 1.83) | 403 (4.4%) | 1 (4.0%) | – | – | ||
| Urban | 6547 (94.0%) | 1523 (92.9%) | 0.87 | (0.58 to 1.30) | 8658 (93.8%) | 24 (96.0%) | – | – | ||
| Smoking† | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker (reference) | 3535 (50.8%) | 789 (48.1%) | 1 | – | 0.9331 | 4646 (50.4%) | 10 (40.0%) | 1 | – | 0.9608 |
| Exsmoker | 1939 (27.9%) | 498 (30.4%) | 1.00 | (0.88 to 1.14) | 2603 (28.2%) | 11 (44.0%) | 1.10 | (0.34 to 3.57) | ||
| Smoker | 1488 (21.4%) | 352 (21.5%) | 1.03 | (0.89 to 1.19) | 1977 (21.4%) | 4 (16.0%) | 0.88 | (0.19 to 4.12) | ||
| History of head trauma | 343 (4.9%) | 75 (4.6%) | 0.85 | (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.2298 | 456 (4.9%) | 1 (4.0%) | 0.33 | (0.03 to 3.98) | 0.3832 |
| Pregnancy | 99 (1.2%) | 19 (1.2%) | 1.00 | (0.60 to 1.65) | 0.9893 | 128 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
Data presented as adjusted OR, 95% CI.
*OR relative to the previous category.
†OR relative to the reference category.