Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria
  • All subjects were recruited and signed informed consent on a voluntary basis and were willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment protocols, laboratory tests and other requirements of the study.

  • ≥18 years old, ≤75 years old.

  • Histologically or cytologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma, locally advanced and unresectable, local recurrence (local lymph node metastasis) or distant metastasis.

  • ECOG Score: 0–1.

  • Adequate function of major organs, including normal baseline blood routine, hepatic and renal function, as well as cardiac and pulmonary function.

  • HER2 was negative.

  • At least one measurable lesion (based on RECIST V.1.1 criteria).

  • Expected survival time ≥3 months.

  • Progression on or were intolerant to first-line immunochemotherapy:

    • Patients were also eligible if they progressed during initial chemotherapy, or if patients with postoperative recurrence or metastasis progressed during concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

    • For neoadjuvant/adjuvant immunotherapy, if patients progress during the treatment or within 6 months after treatment, it is considered as a failure of first-line treatment.

    • Patients with an adverse immune reaction resulting in discontinuation of the prior anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy are also eligible. (Patients must not have experienced any of the following: any grade 3 or more severe immune-related adverse event (irAE); any unresolved grade 2 irAE; or any toxicity condition that resulted in permanent discontinuation of prior anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.)

  • Women of childbearing age should consent to take contraception measures during the study period and within 6 months after the study ends. Female subjects must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days before the recruitment. Female subjects must be non-lactating women. Men should consent to contraception during the study period and for 6 months after the end of the study.

Exclusion criteria
  • Have any active autoimmune disease or a history of autoimmune disease (including but not limited to: autoimmune hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, uveitis, enteritis, hepatitis, pituitaritis, vasculitis, nephritis, hyperthyroidism, etc).

  • Currently receiving immunosuppressors or systemic hormone therapy for immunosuppressor purposes (dose≥10 mg/day, prednisone or other equivalent hormone) and continued use within 2 weeks before recruitment.

  • Patients received treatment with VEGFR inhibitors, such as sorafenib, sunitinib, apatinib, etc.

  • Any of the following conditions that will interfere with oral medications: unable to swallow, having received gastroenterostomy, chronic diarrhoea and intestinal obstruction.

  • Patients with any serious and/or uncontrollable medical condition, including:

    • Poor blood pressure control (systolic pressure≥150 mm Hg or diastolic pressure≥100 mm Hg).

    • Having myocardial ischaemia or myocardial infarction and arrhythmia of grade 1 and above (including QT interval≥480 ms) and cardiac insufficiency of grade 1.

    • Active or uncontrolled severe infection; liver diseases, such as decompensated liver failure, active hepatitis B (HBV-DNA≥104 copy number/mL or 2000 IU/mL) or hepatitis C (positive anti-HCV antibody, HCV-RNA above the lower limit of detection by assay).

    • Urine routine examination indicated urinary protein ≥ ++ and confirmed 24-hour urinary protein quantification>1.0 g.

  • Wounds or fractures that have not healed for a long time.

  • Has a tendency to bleed (eg, active peptic ulcer) or is currently receiving thrombolytic or anticoagulant therapy such as warfarin, heparin or its analogues.

  • Patients who have had an arterial/venous thrombotic event within 6 months, such as cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischaemic attack), deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

  • The probability of tumour invasion of important blood vessels is high based on radiological examination, which may lead to fatal bleeding during future study.

  • Pregnant or breastfeeding.

  • Patients with a history of other malignant tumours in the past 5 years (except cured basal cell carcinoma and cervical carcinoma in situ).

  • Patients with a history of psychotropic drug abuse and addiction or mental disorders.

  • Patients who have participated in clinical trials of other drugs in the past 4 weeks.

  • A concomitant disease determined by the investigator to seriously compromise the patient’s safety or prevent the patient from completing the study; other patients deemed unsuitable for participation.

  • Other patients who are considered inappropriate for participation by the investigator.

  • ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.