Summary of studies investigating the association between PAct and T2D-related outcomes
| Study ID | Publication author (year) | Study design for analysis (country) | Participant details; number (age, sex) | Setting | Patient activation measure | T2D-related outcomes |
| 1 | Almutairi et al (2023)48 | Pre–post intervention study (Saudi Arabia) | 82 (mean age 51.3 years, 39% male) | Primary care | PAM-13 | HbA1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, diet, physical activity, medication adherence |
| 2 | Almutairi et al (2023)62 | Cross-sectional (Saudi Arabia) | 398 (mean age 53.2 years, 54.9% male) | Primary care | PAM-13 | HbA1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, BMI, diet, physical activity, medication adherence, smoking |
| 3 | Arvanitis et al (2020)6 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 300 (mean age 63.2 years; 43.7% male) | Internal medicine clinics | IMPACT-D | HbA1c, systolic blood pressure |
| 4 | Aung et al (2015)63 | Cohort (Australia) | 3040 (mean age 64.6 years; 55% male) | Community | PAM-13 | BMI |
| 5 | Glenn et al (2019)64 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 58 (mean age 59 years, 27% male) | Community | PAM-10 | HbA1c |
| 6 | Hendriks et al (2016)65 | Cross-sectional (Netherlands) | 1615 (mean age 68 years, 54.1% male) | Primary care | PAM-13 | HbA1c, BMI, smoking |
| 7 | Kato et al (2020)66 | Cross-sectional (Japan) | 209 (mean age 60.2 years, 80% male) | Hospital outpatient units | PAM-13 | HbA1c, BMI |
| 8 | Kim et al (2021)67 | Cross-sectional (South Korea) | 155 (mean age 51.5 years, 47.4% male) | Hospital ambulatory care unit | PAM-13 | Self-care activities |
| 9 | Ledford et al (2012)68 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 130 (mean age 59.8 years, 52.3% male) | Family medicine clinic | PAM-13 | HbA1c, BMI, physical activity |
| 10 | Mayberry et al (2010)69 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 48 (66.7%<65 years, 57% male) | Primary care | PAM-13 | HbA1c, overall self-management score |
| 11 | Michaud et al (2018)70 | Pre–post intervention (USA) | 955 (mean age 60 years, 45% male) | Hospital | PAM-13 | HbA1c |
| 12 | Parchman et al (2010)21 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 141 (mean age 57.7 years, 39% male) | Primary care | Lorig communication scale | Medication adherence |
| 13 | Rask et al (2009)20 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 287 (mean age 51.5 years, 41.1% male) | Diabetes clinic | PAM-13 | Smoking, exercise, diet |
| 14 | Regeer et al (2022)49 | Longitudinal (Netherlands) | 603 (mean age 62.8 years, 46.6% male) | Primary care | PAM-13 | BMI, weight, HbA1c, exercise behaviour, general diet |
| 15 | Rogvi et al (2012)18 | Cross-sectional (Denmark) | 1081 (mean age 64.3 years, 65% male) | Specialist diabetes clinic | PAM-13 | HbA1c |
| 16 | Shah et al (2015)50 | Longitudinal (USA) | 60 (mean age 49.4 years, 32% males) | Zuni Indian Community | PAM-13 | BMI, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides |
| 17 | Stuart et al (2021)71 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 940 (83% aged≥65 years, 41% male) | Medicare beneficiaries | Williams/Heller Segmentation Screening Tool (SST) | Medication adherence |
| 18 | Su et al (2019)51 | Longitudinal (USA) | 1354 (mean age 59.6 years, 45.1% male) | Hospital | PAM-13 | HbA1c |
| 19 | Van Vugt et al (2018)72 | Cross-sectional (Netherlands) | 1189 (mean age 66 years, 58.8% male) | General practices and outpatient clinics | PAM-13 | HbA1c, BMI, LDL, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol |
| 20 | Zhang et al (2023)73 | Cross-sectional (China) | 200 (mean age 73.6 years, 49% male) | Community hospital | PAM-13 | Diabetes self-management ability, diet, exercise, smoking status |
| 21 | Zheng (2018)74 | Cross-sectional (USA) | 571 (mean age 72.4 years, 43% male) | Medicare beneficiaries | PAct Supplement in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey | BMI, smoking, medication adherence |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IMPACT-D, Influence and Motivation for Patient ACTivation in Diabetes care; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAct, patient activation; PAM-10/13, Patient Activation Measure; T2D, type 2 diabetes.