Group data (mean and 95% CI) for pain and functional outcomes
| Baseline | Post-treatment | Difference between groups | 3 months post-treatment | Difference between groups | ||||
| AR+EX | SR+EX | AR+EX | SR+EX | AR+EX minus SR+EX | AR+EX | SR+EX | AR+EX minus SR+EX | |
| Pain (NRS, 0–10) | 5.0 (6.1, 3.9) | 4.4 (5.6, 3.2) | 2.8 (3.8, 1.7) | 2.6 (3.9, 1.3) | 0.2 (1.9, –1.5) | 3.7 (4.9, 2.5) | 2.9 (4.3, 1.5) | 0.8 (2.6, –1.0) |
| WOMAC | ||||||||
| Pain subscale | 9.8 (11.7, 7.9) | 8.0 (10.1, 5.9) | 7.5 (9.4, 5.6) | 7.4 (9.8, 5.0) | 0.1 (3.0, –2.8) | 7.5 (9.5, 5.5) | 6.8 (9.2, 4.4) | 0.7 (3.8, –2.4) |
| Physical function subscale | 29.4 (35.9, 22.9) | 25.6 (32.8, 18.4) | 21.3 (28.0, 14.6) | 20.2 (27.7, 12.7) | 1.1 (11.2, –9.0) | 23.2 (30.1, 16.3) | 24.1 (32.3, 15.9) | −0.8 (−11.5, 9.9) |
| WOMAC total score | 43.5 (52.4, 34.6) | 37.3 (47.1, 27.5) | 32.0 (41.1, 22.9) | 30.1 (40.4, 19.8) | 1.9 (15.6, –11.9) | 34.1 (43.5, 24.7) | 34 (45.1, 22.9) | 0.1 (14.7, –14.4) |
| mPD-Q | 12.7 (14.6, 10.8) | 6.9 (9.0, 4.8) | 9.5 (11.5, 7.5) | 5.8 (8.1, 3.5) | 3.7 (6.8, 0.6) | 8.3 (10.5, 6.1) | 4.6 (7.3, 1.9) | 3.7 (7.2, 0.5) |
| Number of painful sites | 2.6 (–2.6, 7.7) | 3.0 (10.3, –4.3) | 4.1 (11.2, –2.9) | 3.4 (13, –6.1) | 0.7 (3.8, –2.4) | 5 (12.8, –2.8) | 4.3 (17.7, –9.0) | 0.4 (3.9, –3.2) |
| PCS | 29.3 (34.3, 24.3) | 25 (30.4, 19.6) | 20.7 (26.0, 30.3) | 24.6 (30.3, 18.9) | −3.89 (–11.5, 3.71) | 23.9 (29.2, 18.6) | 21.9 (28.0, –15.8) | 2 (10.1, –6.1) |
AR+EX, active rTMS and exercise; mPD-Q, modified painDETECT Questionnaire; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophising Scale; SR+EX, sham rTMS and exercise; WOMAC, The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.