Summary of the quality of evidence
| Outcome | Number of trials | Risk of bias* | Inconsistency† | Imprecision‡ | Effect size (95% CI), I2, p value | Certainty |
| Lower extremity strength | 9 | – | – | – | SMD=0.35 (0.11 to 0.59); I2=70.35%, <0.001 | ⨁⨁⨁ Moderate§ |
| Balance | 7 | – | – | – | SMD=0.45 (0.07 to 0.83), I2=85.07%, 0.02 | ⨁⨁ Low¶ |
| Physical performance | 4 | – | – | – | SMD=0.36 (0.17 to 0.56), I2=13.49%, <0.001 | ⨁⨁⨁ Moderate** |
| Mobility | 6 | – | – | – | MD=0.96 (0.46 to 1.46), I2=53.31%, <0.001 | ⨁⨁⨁ Moderate§ |
| Fear of falling | 3 | – | – | – | SMD=0.5 (−0.30 to 1.29), I2=95.48%, 0.22 | ⨁ Very low†† |
*We downgraded if >25% of included trials had a high risk of bias.
†We downgraded if there was statistical heterogeneity or wide CI.
‡We downgraded if there were <400 participants.
§Reason for downgrade: statistical heterogeneity.
¶Reason for downgrade: statistical heterogeneity, >25% of included trials had a high risk of bias.
**Reason for downgrade: >25% of included trials had a high risk of bias.
††Reason for downgrade: statistical heterogeneity, wide CI, >25% of included trials had a high risk of bias.
MD, mean difference; SMD, standardised MD.