Table 1

Clinical programme participants and characteristics

Programmes	Participants	Description of setting
Emergency	n=8 Five healthcare providers, three leaders	High acuity and time pressure due to the need for rapid assessment, intervention and decision making in urgent or critical situations. Providers have no longitudinal relationship with patients.
Surgery	n=12 Five healthcare providers, two administrative staff and five leaders	Encompasses both ambulatory and acute care settings, involving surgical procedures and outpatient clinics.
Oncology	n=8 Three healthcare providers, two administrative staff and three leaders	Ambulatory focus (with some acute care) involves complex treatment regimens for longitudinal and pathway-driven care.
Medicine	n=11 Six healthcare providers, five leaders	High information needs due to diagnostic reasoning, long-term management of chronic illnesses for complex patients and coordination of care across multiple specialties. Ambulatory and acute inpatient care.
Mental Health	n=9 Five healthcare providers, four leaders	Addresses patients' psychosocial needs through collaboration with interdisciplinary teams and community partners, with less reliance on diagnostic services and more on patient narratives. Ambulatory and inpatient care.
Palliative Care	n=6 Four healthcare providers, two leaders	Provides comprehensive care to inpatient, ambulatory and at-home patients. Characterised by complex needs and extensive care coordination, there are many interfaces with the community.
Rehabilitation	n=12 Nine healthcare providers, three leaders	Non-acute area integrated with community-based programmes to care for patients recovering from illness or injury.