Anaesthetic and surgical information of patients
| Characteristic | Total (n=476) | Survival (n=440) | Non-survival (n=36) | P value |
| Anaesthetic agents | ||||
| Propofol | 456 (95.80) | 424 (96.36) | 32 (88.89) | 0.086 |
| Etomidate | 26 (5.46) | 20 (4.55) | 6 (16.67) | 0.007* |
| Ketamine | 9 (1.89) | 9 (2.05) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 |
| Sevoflurane/Isoflurane/Desflurane | 407 (85.50) | 373 (84.77) | 34 (94.44) | 0.113 |
| Dexmedetomidine | 46 (9.66) | 38 (8.64) | 8 (22.22) | 0.018* |
| Corticosteroids | 269 (56.51) | 246 (55.91) | 23 (63.89) | 0.353 |
| Vasoactive agents | 228 (47.90) | 200 (45.45) | 28 (77.78) | <0.001* |
| Norepinephrine | 115 (24.16) | 93 (21.14) | 22 (61.11) | <0.001* |
| Phenylephrine | 167 (35.08) | 148 (33.64) | 19 (52.78) | 0.021* |
| Dopamine | 55 (11.55) | 51 (11.59) | 4 (11.11) | 1.000 |
| Epinephrine | 14 (2.94) | 12 (2.73) | 2 (5.56) | 0.651 |
| Intraoperative fluid therapy | ||||
| Total fluid input (mL/kg/hour) | 16.81 (11.91–22.94) | 16.81 (11.86–22.90) | 17.13 (12.47–25.44) | 0.667 |
| Crystalloid fluid input (mL/kg/hour) | 11.34 (8.02–15.75) | 11.42 (8.08–15.75) | 9.93 (6.85–15.31) | 0.348 |
| Colloid fluid input (mL/kg/hour) | 3.97 (0.00–6.37) | 3.87 (0.00–6.35) | 4.46 (3.43–6.51) | 0.167 |
| Intraoperative urine output (mL/kg/hour) | 2.09 (0.92–2.44) | 2.09 (0.96–2.46) | 1.25 (0.64–2.09) | 0.021* |
| Blood transfusion | 115 (24.16) | 99 (22.50) | 16 (44.44) | 0.003* |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 50.00 (20.00–200.00) | 50.00 (10.00–200.00) | 100.00 (50.00–300.00) | 0.011* |
| Intraoperative events | ||||
| Hypotension | 355 (74.58) | 327 (74.32) | 28 (77.78) | 0.647 |
| The frequency of hypotension | 10.00 (3.00–22.00) | 10.00 (3.00–22.00) | 5.00 (2.00–13.25) | 0.070 |
| Duration of MAP <60 mm Hg (min) | 10.00 (0.00–30.00) | 10.00 (0.00–30.00) | 12.50 (5.00–30.00) | 0.149 |
| Minimum MAP (mm Hg) | 56.00 (39.00–64.67) | 56.00 (39.25–65.50) | 54.50 (37.92–60.08) | 0.155 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.84±1.71 | 1.78±1.60 | 2.56±2.71 | 0.035* |
| L/A | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 0.05 (0.04–0.08) | 0.002* |
| Type of surgery | 0.089 | |||
| Emergency surgery | 294 (61.76) | 267 (60.68) | 27 (75.00) | |
| Elective surgery | 182 (38.24) | 173 (39.32) | 9 (25.00) | |
| Surgical time (min) | 133.00 (85.75–195.00) | 130.00 (84.75–190.25) | 167.00 (117.50–242.75) | 0.010* |
| Failure to extubate on the POD1 | 58 (12.18) | 56 (12.73) | 2 (5.56) | 0.317 |
| Use of vasoactive agents on the POD1 | 113 (23.74) | 100 (22.73) | 13 (36.11) | 0.070 |
| Urine output on the POD1 (mL/kg/hour) | 1.45 (0.99–1.68) | 1.45 (1.01–1.69) | 1.11 (0.70–1.46) | 0.022* |
Data presented as n (%), mean±SD or median (IQR).
*P<0.05.
L/A, lactate-to-albumin ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; POD1, first postoperative day.