Demographics and clinical characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | All | Non-DR | DR | P value |
| No. of subjects (%) | 1325 | 1115 (84.2) | 210 (15.8) | |
| Male, n (%) | 764 (57.7%) | 659 (59.1%) | 105 (50.0%) | 0.014 |
| Mean age, year | 63.8±7.7 | 63.9±7.6 | 63.0±8.5 | 0.1141 |
| Duration, year | 8.8±7.0 | 8.0±6.7 | 12.6±7.4 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.0±1.5 | 6.7±1.3 | 8.1±1.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6±3.4 | 24.7±3.4 | 24.3±3.2 | 0.1282 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 134.8±19.0 | 134.1±18.8 | 138.8±19.5 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 70.7±10.2 | 70.7±10.1 | 70.7±10.8 | 0.9481 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.8±1.0 | 4.8±1.0 | 4.8±1.1 | 0.4804 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 71.3±21.1 | 70.0±19.2 | 78.5±28.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.3±0.4 | 1.3±0.4 | 1.3±0.4 | 0.772 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.1±0.9 | 3.1±0.9 | 3.1±1.0 | 0.7648 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.3±1.7 | 2.3±1.7 | 2.3±1.8 | 0.8443 |
| BCVA | 0.2±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.0009 |
| IOP, mm Hg | 16.2±2.8 | 16.2±2.8 | 16.0±2.9 | 0.3934 |
| Central corneal thickness, mm | 546.7±31.2 | 546.2±31.1 | 549.6±32.0 | 0.1559 |
| AL, mm | 23.4±0.9 | 23.4±0.9 | 23.3±0.8 | 0.092 |
| Corneal curvature, D | 44.2±1.5 | 44.2±1.5 | 44.3±1.4 | 0.4345 |
| Cornea diameter, mm | 11.6±0.4 | 11.6±0.4 | 11.6±0.4 | 0.2217 |
| LT, mm | 4.7±0.3 | 4.7±0.3 | 4.8±0.4 | 0.022 |
All data presented as mean±SD unless otherwise indicated.
Bold indicates statistical significance.
AL, axial length; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; BMI, body mass index; D, diopter; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IOP, intraocular pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LT, lens thickness.