Maximum likelihood estimation (classical) multilevel parameter estimates
| Variable | Estimate | SE | aOR (95% CI) |
| SD(Intercept) | 0.48 | ||
| Individual level | |||
| Intercept | −8.74 | 3.84 | 0.00 (0, 0.30) |
| Age group | |||
| ≤12 | |||
| 13–24 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 1.55 (1.20, 2.00)* |
| 25–36 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 1.86 (1.44, 2.40)* |
| 37–48 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 1.40 (1.09, 1.81)* |
| 49–59 | 0.11 | 0.14 | |
| Wealth status | |||
| Poor | |||
| Middle | 0.02 | 0.13 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) |
| Rich | −0.42 | 0.14 | 0.66 (0.50, 0.86)* |
| Anaemia status | |||
| Severe | |||
| Moderate | −0.58 | 0.3 | 0.56 (0.31, 1.01)* |
| Mild | −0.98 | 0.3 | 0.38 (0.21, 0.68)* |
| Not anaemic | −1.06 | 0.3 | 0.35 (0.19, 0.62)* |
| Child sleeps under insecticide-treated net | |||
| No | |||
| Yes | −0.24 | 0.09 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.94)* |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Akan | |||
| Ga/Dangme | 0.05 | 0.21 | 1.05 (0.70, 1.59) |
| Ewe | −0.08 | 0.16 | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) |
| Guan | −0.63 | 0.33 | 0.53 (0.27, 1.02) |
| Mole-Dagbani | −0.34 | 0.16 | 0.71 (0.52, 0.97)* |
| Grusi | −0.57 | 0.27 | 0.57 (0.33, 0.96)* |
| Gurma | 0.59 | 0.21 | 1.80 (1.19, 2.72)* |
| Mande | 0.15 | 0.39 | 1.16 (0.54, 2.50) |
| Other | −0.11 | 0.28 | 0.11 (0.51, 1.55) |
| Cluster level | |||
| Built population | 0.17 | 0.21 | 1.18 (0.78, 1.78) |
| Land surface temperature | 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Log (rainfall) | 2.7 | 1.08 | 14.8 (1.79, 123.57)* |
aOR, adjusted OR.