Comparison of the IPWC and other risk factors between s-GDM and s-ND groups
| Risk factors | s-GDM group (n=303) | s-ND group (n=2069) | Difference of mean or OR (95% CI) for s-GDM |
| Continuous variables | |||
| IPWC (kg/m2 (IQR)) | 0.970 (−0.150 to 2.110) | 0.680 (−0.250 to 1.730) | 0.221 (0.000 to 0.442) † |
| f-MA (years) | 29.29±3.53 | 28.10±3.28 | 1.184 (0.785 to 1.583) ‡ |
| f-BMI (kg/m2) | 21.33±3.02 | 20.36±2.55 | 0.963 (0.604 to 1.321) ‡ |
| s-BMI (kg/m2) | 22.30±3.31 | 21.12±2.81 | 1.184 (0.791 to 1.576) ‡ |
| IPI (months (IQR)) | 36.16 (26.07–48.53) | 30.95 (22.25–46.25) | 4.398 (2.579 to 6.218) ‡ |
| Categorical variables | |||
| IPWC categories | |||
| < −1 kg/m2 | 32 (10.56) | 253 (12.23) | 0.848 (0.574 to 1.251)* |
| −1 kg/m2 to <1 kg/m2 | 124 (40.92) | 984 (47.56) | 0.764 (0.598 to 0.976)* † |
| 1 kg/m2 to <3 kg/m2 | 105 (34.65) | 645 (31.17) | 1.171 (0.908 to 1.510)* |
| ≥3 kg/m2 | 42 (13.86) | 187 (9.04) | 1.620 (1.131 to 2.319)* ‡ |
| Han nationality (n (%)) | 289 (95.38) | 1966 (95.02) | 1.081 (0.611 to 1.916) |
| f-ART (n (%)) | 20 (6.60) | 100 (4.83) | 1.392 (0.847 to 2.285) |
| f-GDM (n (%)) | 126 (41.58) | 139 (6.72) | 9.884 (7.425 to 13.157) ‡ |
| f-HDCP (n (%)) | 20 (6.60) | 61 (2.95) | 2.326 (1.383 to 3.914) ‡ |
| f-hypothyroidism (n (%)) | 14 (4.62) | 118 (5.70) | 0.801 (0.454 to 1.413) |
| f-hyperthyroidism (n (%)) | 2 (0.66) | 16 (0.77) | 0.853 (0.195 to 3.726) |
| f-APS (n (%)) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.19) | – |
| f-SLE (n (%)) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (0.58) | – |
| f-PPH (n (%)) | 8 (2.64) | 34 (1.64) | 1.623 (0.744 to 3.540) |
| f-PCOS (n (%)) | 2 (0.66) | 4 (0.19) | 3.43 (0.626 to 18.808) |
| f-CS (n (%)) | 125 (41.25) | 610 (29.48) | 1.68 (1.311 to 2.151) ‡ |
| f-PTB (n (%)) | 23 (7.59) | 108 (5.22) | 1.492 (0.935 to 2.380) |
| f-macrosomia (n (%)) | 18 (5.94) | 81 (3.91) | 1.55 (0.916 to 2.622) |
| f-male newborn (n (%)) | 148 (48.84) | 1033 (49.93) | 0.958 (0.752 to 1.219) |
| f-AMA | 24 (7.92) | 62 (3.00) | 2.785 (1.710 to 4.534) ‡ |
| f-UW | 49 (16.17) | 485 (23.44) | 0.701 (0.505 to 0.974) † |
| f-OB | 50 (16.50) | 168 (8.12) | 2.066 (1.458 to 2.926) ‡ |
| IPI ≥36 months | 152 (50.17) | 795 (38.42) | 1.613 (1.266 to 2.055) ‡ |
*The corresponding IPWC category was analysed as binary variable.
†p＜0.05
‡p＜0.01
AMA, advanced maternal age; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index; CS, caesarean section; f, in previous pregnancy; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDCP, hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy; IPI, interpregnancy interval; IPWC, interpregnancy weight change; MA, maternal age; OB, overweight or obese; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PPH, postpartum haemorrhage; PTB, preterm birth; s, in the second pregnancy; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; UW, underweight.