Table 2

Patient-related characteristics stratified by follow-up status for depressive symptoms

Factor	Groups	Total	Follow-up	No follow-up	No follow-up (%)	P value
Age (years)	18–35	8820	6270	2550	28.9
	36–50	4636	3196	1440	31.1
	51–65	2760	1880	880	31.9
	>65	1429	906	523	36.6	0.016
Gender	Female at birth	11 619	8197	3422	29.5
	Male at birth	6029	4057	1972	32.7	0.013
Race/ethnicity	White/Caucasian	12 281	8801	3480	28.3
	Hispanic or Latino/a/x	2488	1586	902	36.3
	Unknown or declined	1484	996	488	32.9
	Other or multirace	513	325	188	36.6
	Asian	334	213	121	36.2
	Black/African American	296	187	109	36.8
	Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	161	88	73	45.3
	American Indian or Alaska Native	94	59	35	37.2	<0.0001
White versus non-white	White/Caucasian	12 281	8801	3480	28.3
	Non-White	5370	3454	1916	35.7	<0.0001
Primary language	English	16 857	11 866	4991	42.1
	Non-English	787	385	402	51.1	<0.0001
Insurance class	Self-pay	1259	795	464	36.9
	Commercial	11 265	8097	3168	28.1
	Other	221	155	66	29.9
	Medicaid	2581	1708	873	33.8
	Medicare	1927	1275	652	33.8	<0.0001
Insurance coverage	Self-pay	1259	795	464	36.9
	Non-self-pay	15 994	11 235	4759	29.8	<0.0001
Diagnosis of diabetes	No diabetes	15 829	11 076	4753	30.0
	Diabetes	1822	1179	643	35.3	0.011
Number of ED encounters	0 encounters	14 680	10 069	4611	31.4
	1–2 encounters	2492	1811	681	27.3
	3 encounters	225	174	51	22.7
	>3 encounters	254	201	53	20.9	0.013
PHQ-9 severity (score)	Moderate (10–14)	8522	5601	2921	34.3
	Moderately severe (15–19)	5712	4046	1666	29.2
	Severe (20–27)	3417	2608	809	23.7	<0.0001
Suicidality by PHQ-9 (#9 response)	Not at all (0)	11 065	7395	3670	33.2
	Several days (1)	4247	3094	1153	27.1
	More than half the days (2)	1400	1054	346	24.7
	Nearly every day (3)	922	704	218	23.6	<0.0001
GAD-7 severity (score)	Normal (0–4)	737	427	310	42.1
	Mild (5-–9)	1713	1123	590	34.4
	Moderate (10–14)	3655	2560	1095	30.0
	Moderately severe (15–17)	4141	3085	1056	25.5
	Severe (18–21)	5032	3998	1034	20.5	<0.0001
CCI severity (score)	None (0)	10 880	7549	3331	30.6
	Mild (1–2)	4592	3214	1378	30.0
	Moderate (3–4)	1059	728	331	31.3
	Severe (>5)	1120	764	356	31.8	0.91
Tobacco use	Never smoked	11 542	8065	3477	30.1
	Former smoker	3259	2278	981	30.1
	Current smoker	2284	1511	773	33.8
	Passive smoker	160	117	43	26.9	0.37
Alcohol use	No current use	9608	6635	2973	30.9
	Current use	6518	4503	2015	30.9	0.17
Education level	Less than high school	26	20	6	23.1
	High school graduate/GED	99	78	21	21.2
	Some college, no degree	134	116	18	13.4
	Associate degree	69	56	13	18.8
	Bachelor’s degree	131	113	18	13.7
	Master's degree	46	37	9	19.6
	Doctorate	11	8	3	27.3
	Professional school degree	6	4	2	33.3	0.06

CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ED, emergency department; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; GED, general educational development; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire.