Table 3

Chronic musculoskeletal pain of the lower limb

N=418 studies%
Most common conditions reported
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis266.2
Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain245.7
Spasticity-related musculoskeletal pain from cerebral palsy204.8
Osteoid osteoma143.3
Fracture143.3
Post-surgical pain163.8
ICD-11 parent codesN=463 cases
1: Certain infectious or parasitic diseases112.4
2: Neoplasms245.2
3: Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs102.2
4: Diseases of the immune system194.1
5: Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases132.8
6: Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders10.2
7: Sleep-wake disorders10.2
8: Diseases of the nervous system357.6
11: Diseases of the circulatory system10.2
12: Diseases of the respiratory system20.4
13: Diseases of the digestive system20.4
14: Diseases of the skin*10.2
15: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue17638.0
20: Developmental anomalies5511.9
21: Symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified4810.4
22: Injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes286.0
23: External causes of morbidity and mortality20.4
X: Extension codes347.3
Presence of a chronic pain manifestation code in cases where chronic pain was not the primary condition46/415 cases11.1
Duration of painN=418 studies%
Pain at least ≥3 months14334.2
Pain at least ≥6 months6515.6
Pain at least ≥12 months11327.0
Chronic, but not specified9723.2
Location of painN=418
Hip7317.5
Thigh/groin71.7
Knee11126.6
Leg92.6
Ankle4210.0
Foot (including toes)327.7
Widespread lower limb4410.5
Mixed cases9623.0

  • *This referred to one case related to ‘malformations involving cutaneous blood vessels’ (Code EF2Z).