10 cardiovascular disease risk factors estimated from the retinal image
| Risk factors | Accuracy (%) | ||
| Age (years) | ±1 19.8% (19.2%–20.3%) | ±3 55.2% (54.5%–55.8%) | ±5 78.3% (77.7%–78.8%) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | ±5 24.7% (24.1%–25.3%) | ±10 47.1% (46.4%–47.8%) | ±15 65.3% (64.7%–66.0%) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | ±3 25.8% (25.2%–26.4%) | ±5 41.9% (41.2%–42.6%) | ±10 72.2% (71.6%–72.8%) |
| LDL (mmol/L) Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ±1.0 75.8% (75.1%–76.3%) 81.6% (81.1%–82.1%) | ±0.5 44.5% (43.8%–45.2%) 46.7% (46.0%–47.4%) | ±0.3 27.4% (26.8%–28.0%) 28.2% (27.6%–28.9%) |
| HDL (mmol/L) | ±0.1 21.8% (21.2%–22.4%) | ±0.3 60.0% (59.4%–60.7%) | ±0.5 84.7% (84.2%–85.1%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) HbA1c (mmol/mol) | ±5 78.3% (77.7%–78.8%) 77.4% (76.8%–78.0%) | ±3 55.0% (54.3%–55.7%) 55.1% (54.4%–55.8%) | ±1 19.9% (19.3%–20.4%) 20.7% (20.1%–21.2%) |
| Smoke | 89.8% (89.4%–90.2%) | ||
| Gender | 79.6% (79.0%–80.1%) | ||
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.