PICO-D criteria for inclusion of studies in the review
| Participants | Participants in the included studies were over the age of 18 and must have had a CAC score documented. Participants were not limited according to sex or presence of comorbidities. |
| Intervention | The intervention group must have had a CAC score measured at baseline, prior to receiving bisphosphonate or denosumab therapy for a period of at least 6 months. CAC scoring must have been repeated at least 6 months following the commencement of therapy. |
| Comparator | Patients who were not receiving or did not receive the aforementioned medications. CAC must have been measured at baseline and repeated at a second time point, which was at least 6 months following the initial CAC score. |
| Outcomes | Coronary artery calcification as quantified by the CAC score (modified Agatston score) or other appropriate method of measuring CAC. Studies were included if they measured the CAC at least twice (minimum before and at least 6 months after initiation of treatment) to monitor progression. |
CAC, coronary artery calcification; PICO-D, Patient-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome-Duration.