The association between hours of sleep duration and psychological distress (K6), social media use, hours of homework and other sociodemographic factors among adolescents aged 13–19 years
| Characteristics | Unadjusted models | Adjusted model 1* (N=1017, n=585) | Adjusted model 2* (N=1625, n=1140) |
| K6 score | |||
| 6–18 | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| 19–30 | 1.64 (1.29, 2.08) | 1.53 (1.09, 2.14) | 1.51 (1.17, 1.96) |
| Social media | |||
| ≤3 hours | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| ≥4 hours | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 1.72 (1.21, 2.47) | 1.34 (1.01, 1.79) |
| Homework | |||
| ≤2 hours | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| ≥3 hours | 1.45 (1.16, 1.81) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| Female | 1.19 (0.88, 1.61) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) |
| Other | 0.66 (0.27, 1.62) | 0.16 (0.02, 1.06) | 0.41 (0.08, 2.09) |
| Age | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) |
| BMI | |||
| Normal | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| Underweight | 0.91 (0.57, 1.44) | 0.73 (0.36, 1.48) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.38) |
| Overweight | 1.22 (0.90, 1.65) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.49) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.63) |
| Obese | 1.38 (0.91, 2.09) | 1.49 (0.83, 2.69) | 1.45 (0.93, 2.24) |
| Working | |||
| No | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) |
| Yes | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.60) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| 5 least disadvantaged | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | NA |
| 4 | 1.26 (0.82, 1.94) | 1.11 (0.70, 1.77) | NA |
| 3 | 1.05 (0.66, 1.67) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.60) | NA |
| 2 | 1.78 (1.11, 2.84) | 1.47 (0.89, 2.41) | NA |
| 1 most disadvantaged | 1.83 (1.16, 2.87) | 1.86 (1.13, 3.07) | NA |
*Adjusted model 1 included all the variables as covariates whereas adjusted model 2 did not include socioeconomic status as a covariate. Socioeconomic status was missing for approximately 50% of participants and was excluded from adjusted model 2 to maximise the use of available data in the complete case analysis.
BMI, body mass index; K6, Kessler Psychological Distress 6-item scale; NA, not available.