Multilevel analysis of factors associated with awareness of OBF among women of childbearing age in Nepal, 2022 (n=14 845)
| Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 20–29 | 1.38 (1.20, 1.58) | 2.19 (0.94, 5.09) | ||
| 30–39 | 1.70 (1.44, 2.00) | 3.48 (1.35, 8.93) | ||
| 40–49 | 2.17 (1.81, 2.60) | 4.68 (1.60, 13.67) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | ||||
| Buddhist | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.44, 1.81) | ||
| Muslim | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) | 1 | ||
| Others | 0.99 (0.83, 1.17) | 1.36 (0.81, 2.26) | ||
| Education | ||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 1.35 (1.21, 1.52) | 0.93 (0.46, 1.85) | ||
| Secondary | 2.20 (1.92, 2.51) | 1.65 (1.41, 3.03) | ||
| Higher | 3.03 (2.38, 3.86) | 4.29 (1.14, 36.70) | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
| Poorer | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.68) | ||
| Middle | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.30, 2.11) | ||
| Richer | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.67 (0.21, 13.23) | ||
| Richest | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60) | 1() | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married | 0.94 (0.57, 1.55) | 0.57 (0.03, 9.35) | ||
| Currently working | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.18 (1.09, 1.29) | 1.85 (1.04, 3.30) | ||
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.22) | ||
| Ever had a terminated pregnancy | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.16 (1.05, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.57, 2.03) | ||
| Birth history | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 2.23 (1.48, 4.10) | ||
| Sexual experience | ||||
| Never had sex | Ref | Ref | ||
| Had sex | 1.08 (0.65, 1.77) | 1.61 (0.10, 24.98) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.41 (1.27, 1.57) | 1.54 (1.07, 3.09) | ||
| Internet use | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.29 (1.18, 1.42) | 1.56 (0.94, 2.58) | ||
| Covered by health insurance | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.13, 1.46) | 1.67 (0.65, 4.29) | ||
| Distance from health facility | ||||
| Big problem | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not a big problem | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.35 (0.84, 3.15) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | ||
| Urban | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) | 1.53 (1.99, 2.87) | ||
| Community female education | ||||
| Low | ||||
| High | 0.91 (0.59, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.61) | ||
| Community media exposure | ||||
| Low | ||||
| High | 1.00 (0.66, 1.52) | 2.05 (1.67, 2.64) | ||
| Community poverty | ||||
| High | Ref | Ref | ||
| Low | 0.96 (0.64, 1.42) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.54) |
Bold numbers indicate p<0.05.
OBF, obstetric fistula; Ref, reference.