Table 3

Univariate and multivariable analyses for moderate-severe postoperative pain within 24 hours

VariableUnivariate analysisMultivariable analysis
OR_95 CIP valueOR_95 CIP value
Gender (female)1.25 (0.92 to 1.69)0.1511.32 (0.96 to 1.83)0.090
Age (years)0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)<0.0010.97 (0.95 to 0.98)<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)0.94 (0.9 to 0.99)0.0180.94 (0.89 to 0.98)0.016
ASA
IReference
II0.88 (0.34 to 2.24)0.784
 III0.47 (0.17 to 1.32)0.15
Smoking
NoReference
Yes0.87 (0.63 to 1.2)0.401
Education level
Preliminary schoolReference
Middle school1.16 (0.82 to 1.65)0.395
College degree1.48 (0.87 to 2.53)0.146
Bachelor degree0.88 (0.39 to 1.95)0.746
Postgraduate1.46 (0.85 to 2.52)0.171
History of anaesthesia, n (%)1.05 (0.99 to 1.11)0.104
Hypertension0.54 (0.35 to 0.83)0.005
Diabetes0.68 (0.4 to 1.13)0.136
CHD0.56 (0.2 to 1.54)0.26
Cerebral complication0.78 (0.31 to 1.97)0.606
Types of surgery, n (%)0.92 (0.84 to 1.01)0.086
Hepatic resectionReference
Pancreatoduodenectomy1.81 (1.13 to 2.89)0.014
 Splenectomy and pancreatectomy0.61 (0.33 to 1.11)0.106
Surgery for bile duct cancer and gall bladder1.12 (0.65 to 1.92)0.684
Choledocholithiasis0.8 (0.54 to 1.19)0.275
Other surgery0.69 (0.29 to 1.63)0.401
Laparoscopic surgery, n (%)0.31 (0.2 to 0.47)<0.0010.34 (0.22 to 0.52)<0.001
Perioperative blood
transfusion, n (%)
0.84 (0.57 to 1.24)0.383
Preoperative days (d)0.97 (0.93 to 1.02)0.23
Anaesthesia duration (min)1 (1 to 1)0.099
Surgery duration (min)1 (1 to 1)0.086
Postoperative analgesia
protocol, n (%)
4.23 (3.10 to 5.93)<0.001
ButorphanolReference
Sufentanil4.38 (3.2 to 5.99)<0.001
Anaesthetic methods, n (%)
General anaesthesiaReference
General anaesthesia with nerve block0.66 (0.38 to 1.16)0.146
Nerve block, n (%)
NoReference
Thoracic nerve block1.66 (0.94 to 2.94)0.081
 Quadratus lumborum block1.22 (0.6 to 2.47)0.58
 TAP1.14 (0.52 to 2.5)0.735
 Rectus sheath block1.14 (0.42 to 3.06)0.798
 Others1.54 (0.42 to 5.67)0.515
  • ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; CHD, Coronary Heart Disease; Hb, haemoglobin; TAP, Transversus Abdominis Plane Block.