While 2007 marked the introduction of the iPhone, we chose 2005 as our starting point to capture the broader landscape of machine translation and computer-based applications that emerged before Apple’s device. This decision allowed us to include significant developments like Google Translate, which was officially launched in 2006. By extending our time frame, we provided a more comprehensive overview of the technological advancements in language processing and mobile computing that set the stage for future developments in communication technologies.