Crude associations of individual, occupational, and organisational factors with suspected OSDs (n=300)
| Variables | Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value† |
| Individual factors | ||||
| Age (year) | 1.015 (0.975 to 1.055) | 0.470 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 14 (12.2%) | 101 (87.8%) | Ref | |
| Male | 23 (12.4%) | 162 (87.6%) | 1.024 (0.504 to 2.082) | 0.947 |
| Race | ||||
| Malay | 16 (12.9%) | 108 (87.1%) | Ref | |
| Non-Malay | 21 (11.9%) | 155 (88.1%) | 0.915 (0.456 to 1.833) | 0.801 |
| Education level | ||||
| Tertiary | 17 (14.3%) | 102 (85.7%) | Ref | |
| Secondary level and below | 20 (11.0%) | 161 (89.0%) | 0.745 (0.373 to 1.490) | 0.405 |
| Atopy | ||||
| No | 22 (9.7%) | 204 (90.3%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 15 (20.3%) | 59 (79.7%) | 2.357 (1.151 to 4.831) | 0.019* |
| Smoking status | ||||
| No | 23 (11.1%) | 185 (88.9%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 14 (15.2%) | 78 (84.8%) | 1.44 (0.706 to 2.952) | 0.314 |
| Occupational factors | ||||
| Job category | ||||
| Others | 5 (7.0%) | 66 (93.0%) | Ref | |
| Kitchen staff | 17 (17.0%) | 83 (83.0%) | 2.704 (0.948 to 7.712) | 0.063* |
| Waiter | 14 (12.0%) | 103 (88.0%) | 1.794 (0.617 to 5.214) | 0.433 |
| Cleaning staff | 1 (8.3%) | 11 (91.7%) | 1.200 (0.128 to 11.271) | 0.873 |
| Duration of employment | ||||
| 1–5 years | 23 (13.5%) | 148 (86.5%) | Ref | |
| More than 5 years | 14 (10.9%) | 115 (89.1%) | 0.783 (0.386 to 1.590) | 0.499 |
| Working hours per day | ||||
| 0–7 hours | 6 (12.0%) | 44 (88.0%) | Ref | |
| 8–12 hours | 28 (11.6%) | 214 (88.4%) | 1.042 (0.407 to 2.667) | 0.931 |
| >12 hours | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.227 (0.043 to 1.203) | 0.081* |
| Frequency of handwashing during work | ||||
| 0–5 times/day | 1 (3.8%) | 25 (96.2%) | Ref | |
| 6–10 times/day | 11 (9.6%) | 104 (90.4%) | 0.378 (0.047 to 3.067) | 0.363 |
| 11–20 times/day | 6 (10.2%) | 53 (89.8%) | 0.353 (0.040 to 3.094) | 0.347 |
| >20 times/day | 19 (19.0%) | 81 (81.0%) | 0.171 (0.022 to 1.338) | 0.093* |
| Wet work | ||||
| No | 11 (4.4%) | 238 (95.6%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 26 (51.0%) | 25 (49.0%) | 22.502 (9.945 to 50.195) | <0.01* |
| Job stress level | ||||
| Low | 11 (6.1%) | 169 (93.9%) | Ref | |
| Moderate to high | 26 (21.7%) | 94 (78.3%) | 4.25 (2.010 to 8.985) | <0.001* |
| Workplace environment | ||||
| Exposure to hot environment | ||||
| No | 24 (9.6%) | 225 (90.4%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 13 (25.5%) | 38 (74.5%) | 3.207 (1.504 to 6.840) | 0.003* |
| Exposure to cold environment | ||||
| No | 12 (15.0%) | 68 (85.0%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 25 (11.4%) | 195 (88.6%) | 0.726 (0.346 to 1.525) | 0.398 |
| Organisational factors | ||||
| Received Occupational Safety Health training prior to start work | ||||
| No | 9 (15.8%) | 48 (84.2%) | Ref | |
| Yes | 28 (11.5%) | 215 (88.5%) | 0.695 (0.308 to 1.567) | 0.380 |
| Usage of personal protective equipment | ||||
| Face mask (n=254) | ||||
| Sometimes | 16 (15.7%) | 86 (84.3%) | Ref | |
| Always | 19 (12.5%) | 133 (87.5%) | 0.768 (0.374 to 1.575) | 0.471 |
| Gloves (n=258) | ||||
| Sometimes | 13 (10.0%) | 117 (90.0%) | Ref | |
| Always | 16 (12.5%) | 112 (87.5%) | 1.286 (0.592 to 2.795) | 0.526 |
Model assumption was met, there was no interaction effect, no multicollinearity, and the model fits reasonably well (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p value=0.117).
*p<0.05 taken as significant.
†Statistical analysis: Simple logistic regression