Summary of studies reporting effects of interventions
| Reference | Intervention | Setting | Study design and sample size | Outcome measure and effect size |
| Alves 201921 | Medication review | Care homes | Service evaluation 10 405 patient reviews over 5 years | Interventions by pharmacist |
| Baqir 201722 | Medication review | Care homes | Retrospective evaluation of quality improvement project 422 residents in 20 care homes | Number and type of medications stopped 19.5% reduction in number of medicines being prescribed relative to baseline |
| Peek 202017 | Safety medication dashboard | General practice | Interrupted time series 43 general practices covering 235 595 people in Salford, Greater Manchester | Potentially hazardous prescribing (composite of 10 indicators) Potentially hazardous prescribing reduced by 27.9% (95% CI 20.3% to 36.8%, p<0.001) at 24 weeks and by 40.7% (95% CI 29.1% to 54.2%, p<0.001) at 12 months |
| Rodgers 202218 | Pharmacist-led IT-assisted intervention (PINCER) | General practice | Multiple interrupted time series 393 general practices covering approximately 3 million patients | Indicators of potentially hazardous prescribing The PINCER intervention was associated with a decrease in the rate of hazardous prescribing of 16.7% (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.86) at 6 months and 15.3% (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.90) at 12 months postintervention |
| Syafhan 202119 | Pharmacist-led medicines optimisation | General practice | Individual randomised controlled trial (RCT) 356 patients at risk of medication-related problems (MRPs) from 8 GP practices | Medication-related problems (MRP); Medicines Appropriateness Index (MAI) Median number of MRPs per intervention patient at 6 months was reduced from 3 to 0.5 (p<0.001) in patients who received the full intervention schedule. MAI scores were reduced (medications more appropriate) for the intervention group, but not for control group. |
| Thayer 202125 | Review of medicines and lifestyle risk factors | Care homes for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) | Service evaluation 160 care home residents with ID | Pharmacist interventions/recommendations and acceptance by GPs and psychiatrists |
| Twigg 201526 | Community pharmacist consultation including medication review | Community pharmacies | Service evaluation 620 patients (aged over 65 years and prescribed ≥4 medications | Number of recommendations; falls, medication adherence, quality of life and costs at 6 months |