Patient characteristics, treatments and outcomes (n=10 968)
| Type 1 ICUs (n=2411) | Type 2 ICUs (n=3653) | HCUs (n=4904) | P value | |
| Number of hospitals | 178 | 422 | 521 | – |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 72.1±13.8 | 73.6±13.2 | 76.8±12.7 | <0.001 |
| Male | 1469 (60.9) | 2209 (60.5) | 2795 (57.0) | 0.001 |
| Hospital admission course | ||||
| Emergency | 2022 (83.9) | 3168 (86.7) | 4460 (90.9) | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 1409 (58.4) | 2009 (55.0) | 1381 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation duration (days) | 6.3±5.9 | 6.1±5.9 | 6.6±6.5 | 0.11 |
| NPPV | 46 (1.9) | 81 (2.2) | 61 (1.2) | <0.01 |
| NPPV duration (days) | 5.7±6.2 | 3.6±3.9 | 5.6±5.3 | 0.02 |
| High-flow oxygen therapy | 186 (7.7) | 227 (6.2) | 174 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| High-flow oxygen therapy duration (days) | 3.4±3.3 | 3.7±3.5 | 4.1±3.7 | 0.17 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 875 (36.3) | 1159 (31.7) | 707 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy duration (days) | 5.9±4.5 | 5.6±4.3 | 5.2±4.1 | <0.01 |
| Endotoxin adsorption | 125 (5.2) | 143 (3.9) | 106 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Endotoxin adsorption (times) | 1.6±0.7 | 1.7±0.8 | 1.6±0.6 | 0.33 |
| Tracheotomy | 123 (5.1) | 118 (3.2) | 84 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressors (use of norepinephrine, epinephrine or vasopressin) | 1880 (78.0) | 2639 (72.2) | 2390 (48.7) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| ICU/HCU length of stay (days) | 4.5±3.5 | 4.2±3.4 | 4.3±3.9 | 0.05 |
| Survivors | 3.7±2.8 | 3.4±2.8 | 3.7±3.3 | <0.01 |
| Non-survivors | 5.3±4.0 | 5.1±3.9 | 5.4±4.5 | 0.07 |
| Overall hospital length of stay (days) | 23.1±23.8 | 22.3±21.9 | 22.0±21.3 | 0.12 |
| Survivors | 25.2±22.6 | 24.3±19.9 | 22.9±20.3 | <0.01 |
| Non-survivors | 20.7±24.8 | 20.3±23.7 | 20.4±22.7 | 0.91 |
| In-hospital mortality | 1116 (46.3) | 1772 (48.5) | 1847 (37.7) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±SD for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables.
HCU, high care unit; ICU, intensive care unit; NPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation.