Table 1

Details in the protocol for MOSA and OBA

MOSA	OBA
Before surgery
Dexmedetomidine loading capacity: 0.5 µg/kg, 10 min
Anaesthesia induction
Midazolam 2 mg Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg Propofol 1.5–2.5 mg/kg Sufentanil 0.1 µg/kg Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg Esketamine 0.3 mg/kg Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg (maximum 100 mg) Incision local infiltration anaesthesia(0.375% ropivacaine 40 mL)	Midazolam 2 mg Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg Propofol 1.5–2.5 mg/kg Sufentanil 0.4 µg/kg Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg Incision local infiltration anaesthesia (0.375% ropivacaine 40 mL)
Anaesthesia maintenance
Propofol 4–12 mg/kg/hours Remifentanil 0.05–0.15 µg/kg/min Esketamine 0.15 mg/kg/hours until 15 min before the end of surgery Dexmedetomidine 0.2–0.5 µg/kg/hours until 30 min before the end of surgery Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg/hours until the end of surgery Vecuronium was added as needed Ondansetron 8 mg Metoclopramide 10 mg Parecoxib sodium 40 mg Nalbuphine 0.15 mg/kg	Propofol 4–12 mg/kg/hours Remifentanil 0.1–0.5 µg/kg/min Vecuronium was added as needed Ondansetron 8 mg Metoclopramide 10 mg Parecoxib sodium 40 mg Nalbuphine 0.15 mg/kg
Postanaesthesia care unit
Neostigmine 1.0 mg Atropine 0.5 mg Pain management (NRS≥4, rescue nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg) PCIA nalbuphine 0.8 mg/kg (Max 80 mg)+dexmedetomidine 1.5 µg/kg (Max 100 µg)+ondansetron 16 mg	Neostigmine 1.0 mg Atropine 0.5 mg Pain management (NRS≥4, rescue nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg) PCIA nalbuphine 0.8 mg/kg (Max 80 mg)+dexmedetomidine 1.5 µg/kg (Max 100 µg)+ondansetron 16 mg

MOSA, modified opioid sparing anaesthesia; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; OBA, opioid-based anaesthesia; PCIA, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia.