Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies

Drug name	Trial name/Registry number	Design	Indications	Approval data	Ref
Trastuzumab emtansine	KATHERINE NCT01772472	Phase III RCT	HER2-positive early breast cancer after receiving neoadjuvant therapy containing a taxane (with or without anthracycline) and trastuzumab	2019 by FDA 2019 by EMA	15
Trastuzumab emtansine	EMILIA NCT00829166	Phase III RCT	HER2-positive advanced breast cancer second line	2013 by FDA 2013 by EMA	16–18
Enfortumab vedotin	EV-301 NCT03474107	Phase III RCT	Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma	2019 by FDA 2022 by EMA	19
Trastuzumab deruxtecan	DESTINY-Breast01 NCT03248492	Phase II SAT	HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer third line	2019 by FDA 2020 by EMA	20
	DESTINY-Breast03 NCT03529110	Phase III RCT	HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer second line	2022 by FDA 2022 by EMA 2023 by NMPA	21 22
	DESTINY-Breast04 NCT03734029	Phase III RCT	HER2-low metastatic breast cancer	2022 by FDA 2022 by EMA 2023 by NMPA	23
	DESTINY-Gastric01 NCT03329690	Phase II RCT	HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma after a prior trastuzumab-based regimen	2021 by FDA 2022 by EMA	24
	DESTINY-Lung02 NCT04644237	Phase II SAT	Metastatic HER2-mutant NSCLC second line	2022 by FDA	25
Sacituzumab govitecan	ASCENT NCT02574455	Phase III RCT	Relapsed or refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer	2020 by FDA 2021 by EMA 2022 by NMPA	26 27
	TROPiCS-02 NCT03901339	Phase III RCT	Endocrine-resistant, chemotherapy-treated HR+/HER2− locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic breast cancer	2023 by FDA 2023 by EMA	28 29
	TROPHY-U-01 NCT03547973	Phase II RCT	Metastatic urothelial carcinoma	2021 by FDA	30
Cetuximab saratolacan	– NCT02422979	Phase II SAT	Recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	2020 by PMDA	31
Disitamab vedotin	– NCT03556345	Phase II SAT	HER2-overexpressing, locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer	2021 by NMPA	32
Disitamab vedotin	– NCT03507166	Phase II SAT	HER2+ locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma	2022 by NMPA	33
Tisotumab vedotin	innovaTV 204 NCT03438396	Phase II SAT	Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer	2021 by FDA	34
Mirvetuximab soravtansine	SORAYA NCT04296890	Phase II SAT	FRa-high, platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer	2022 by FDA	35

EMA, European Medicines Agency; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NMPA, National Medical Products Administration; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PMDA, Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; RCT, randomised control trial; SAT, single-arm trial.