| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | Includes pre-eclampsia with and without severe features, gestational hypertension, eclampsia, and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome |
| Caesarean delivery | |
| Flank skinfold | Evaluated as a continuous measure and dichotomised as >90th percentile |
| Small for gestational age | Birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age according to Aris et al42 |
| Preterm birth | Delivery prior to estimated gestational age 37w0d |
| Shoulder dystocia | Defined clinically, requiring documentation that providers applied manoeuvres to reduce the shoulder at delivery |
| Neonatal birth injury | Brachial plexus palsy or clavicular, humeral or skull fracture |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | Neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring treatment |
| Neonatal respiratory morbidity | Need for respiratory support within 72 hours after birth and consisting of one or more of the following: the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or high-flow nasal cannula for at least two consecutive hours, supplemental oxygen with a fraction of inspired oxygen of at least 0.30 for at least four continuous hours, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or mechanical ventilation. A high flow of air or blended air and oxygen is defined as more than 1 L/min |
| Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia | Treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia in the first week of life with phototherapy or exchange transfusion or a diagnosis of kernicterus |