Features in patients with and without septic shock
| Total (n=97) | Septic shock | P value | ||
| Yes (n=31) | No (n=66) | |||
| At admission | ||||
| Age, years | 56.6±16.6 | 58.6±15.5 | 55.7±17.1 | 0.41 |
| Male, n (%) | 63 (64.9) | 22 (71) | 41 (62.1) | 0.394 |
| Medication history, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 39 (40.2) | 9 (29) | 30 (45.5) | 0.124 |
| β.blocker | 11 (11.3) | 2 (6.5) | 9 (13.6) | 0.494 |
| CCB | 19 (19.6) | 0 (0) | 19 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
| ACEI | 7 (7.2) | 5 (16.1) | 2 (3) | 0.032 |
| Aspirin | 5 (5.2) | 3 (9.7) | 2 (3) | 0.323 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs | 8 (8.2) | 2 (6.5) | 6 (9.1) | 1 |
| Alcohol involved, n (%) | 21 (21.6) | 7 (22.6) | 14 (21.2) | 0.879 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 8 (8.2) | 3 (9.7) | 5 (7.6) | 0.708 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8±3.2 | 24.3±3.1 | 25.1±3.2 | 0.248 |
| CCI | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 3.0 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (0.2–3.8) | 0.338 |
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 32 (33.0) | 7 (22.6) | 25 (37.9) | 0.135 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (10.3) | 2 (6.5) | 8 (12.1) | 0.494 |
| Immunosuppression | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (10.3) | 2 (6.5) | 8 (12.1) | 0.494 |
| Heart failure | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 |
| Dyspnoea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| Chronic renal failure | 4 (4.1) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (4.5) | 1 |
| Causes for ICU admission, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Biliary tract infection septic shock | 7 (7.2) | 7 (22.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Enterogenic septic shock | 15 (15.5) | 15 (48.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Other causes of septic shock | 9 (9.3) | 9 (29) | 0 (0) | |
| Diseases of digestive system | 8 (8.2) | 0 (0) | 8 (12.1) | |
| Neurosurgery | 47 (48.5) | 0 (0) | 47 (71.2) | |
| Pulmonary diseases | 6 (6.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (9.1) | |
| Others | 5 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (7.6) | |
| In ICU | ||||
| Tracheal tube size | 0.785 | |||
| 7.0 | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | |
| 7.5 | 93 (95.9) | 3 (96.8) | 63 (95.5) | |
| 8.0 | 2 (2.1) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.5) | |
| APACHE II score | 21.0±6.9 | 22.3±6.3 | 20.4±7.1 | 0.221 |
| Temperature, °C | 36.8±1.0 | 36.5±1.1 | 36.9±0.9 | 0.04 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 101.0±26.4 | 119.7±25.7 | 92.2±21.9 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 128.0±28.0 | 108.4±31.3 | 137.2±20.9 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 71.3±16.7 | 61.9±17.6 | 75.7±14.5 | < 0.001 |
| MAP, mm Hg | 90.2±19.1 | 77.2±21.4 | 96.3±14.5 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory examinations | ||||
| WBC, ×109 /L | 11.7±5.7 | 13.1±7.4 | 11.0±4.5 | 0.082 |
| NE, % | 84.8±9.3 | 89.3±5.1 | 82.7±10.2 | 0.001 |
| Platelet, ×109 /L | 189.0 (132.0–243.0) | 213.0 (142.5–284.0) | 172.5 (130.5–234.8) | 0.092 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 13.1 (12.2–14.1) | 14.1 (13.1–17.9) | 12.7 (11.9–13.7) | < 0.001 |
| INR | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | < 0.001 |
| APTT, s | 28.0 (26.1–32.0) | 30.1 (28.4–36.7) | 27.0 (25.1–29.5) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.4 (2.5–4.5) | 4.0 (2.4–4.5) | 3.4 (2.6–4.4) | 0.828 |
| Oxygenation index, | 204.2 (163.0–63.0) | 202.0 (144.2–263.5) | 205.1 (171.0–262.8) | 0.313 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/L | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | 3.0 (1.6–4.8) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.003 |
| Albumin, g/L | 32.5±6.5 | 29.5±6.7 | 33.9±5.9 | 0.001 |
| Globulin, g/L | 22.9±5.1 | 21.8±5.1 | 23.4±5.0 | 0.162 |
| Prealbumin, g/L | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 21.3 (12.6–42.1) | 30.0 (16.9–48.5) | 19.3 (12.1–36.5) | 0.067 |
| AST, U/L | 32.7 (18.3–58.4) | 41.2 (23.4–83.2) | 30.9 (16.5–51.7) | 0.043 |
| Urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 5.7 (4.1–9.1) | 7.8 (5.9–16.4) | 4.8 (3.9–6.7) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 80.0 (57.0–114.0) | 111.0 (89.0–155.5) | 70.0 (52.2–87.5) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.6 (0.1–4.4) | 4.7 (1.3–15.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | <0.001 |
| Microbiological examination, n (%) | 0.121 | |||
| Negative | 28 (29.2) | 5 (16.1) | 23 (35.4) | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 23 (24.0) | 11 (35.5) | 12 (18.5) | |
| Escherichia coli | 6 (6.2) | 4 (12.9) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 25 (26.0) | 7 (22.6) | 18 (27.7) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (3.1) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Burkholderia cepacia | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Others | 9 (9.4) | 3 (9.7) | 6 (9.2) | |
| Specimen origin for microbiological examination, n (%) | 0.032 | |||
| Undone | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Sputum | 85 (87.6) | 24 (77.4) | 61 (92.4) | |
| Body fluid | 10 (10.3) | 7 (22.6) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Blood | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Dosage of norepinephrine, ug/kg.min | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Duration of intubation, days | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | 7.5 (4.2–10.8) | 0.499 |
| Mechanical ventilation time, hours | 227.0 (141.0–381.0) | 201.0 (142.5–354.5) | 245.0 (133.0–396.0) | 0.637 |
| Dosage of plasma, mL | 400.0 (0.0–1000.0) | 1000.0 (0.0–2900.0) | 0.0 (0.0–450.0) | <0.001 |
| Red blood cell transfusion, U | 4.0 (0.0–10.0) | 10.0 (0.0–12.0) | 4.0 (0.0–8.0) | 0.056 |
| Norepinephrine, n (%) | 67 (69.1) | 31 (100) | 36 (54.5) | <0.001 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 9 (9.3) | 3 (9.7) | 6 (9.1) | 1 |
| Total norepinephrine, ampoule | 12.0 (0.0–33.0) | 31.0 (17.5–74.0) | 2.0 (0.0–21.5) | <0.001 |
| Total epinephrine, ampoule | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.83 |
| Tracheal injury score | 4.0 (1.0–9.0) | 7.0 (3.0–11.5) | 2.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.001 |
| ICU LOS, days | 15.0 (9.0–23.0) | 15.0 (10.0–25.0) | 15.5 (9.0–21.8) | 0.518 |
Data were mean±SD or median (IQR) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beat per minute; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ICU LOS, length of intensive care unit stay; INR, international normalised ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NE%, neutrophil percentage; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell count.