Table 2

Adverse birth outcomes stratified by offspring overweight status from 3 to 8 years of age

NormalOverweightP value
At 3–5 years of age (1502/179)
 Gestational age at delivery (weeks, median (IQR))39.0 (38.0, 40.0)39.0 (38.0, 40.0)0.867*
 Birth weight (kg, means±SD)3.4±0.53.6±0.5<0.001*
 Infant male sex (%)796 (53.0)115 (64.3)0.004†
 Caesarean delivery (%)971 (64.7)140 (78.2)<0.001†
 Gestational week at delivery (%)0.630†
  Preterm birth66 (4.4)7 (3.9)
  Post-term pregnancy27 (1.8)5 (2.8)
 Weight at birth (%)<0.001†
  Macrosomia155 (10.3)42 (23.5)
  Low birth weight45 (3.0)3 (1.7)
 Gestational age specific weight at birth (%)<0.001†
  Large for gestational age207 (13.8)51 (28.5)
  Small for gestational age103 (6.9)4 (2.2)
 Weight/length ratio at birth (%)<0.001†
  High weight/length ratio at birth335 (22.3)69 (38.6)
  Low weight/length ratio at birth120 (8.0)7 (3.9)
 Breastfeeding status (%)0.393†
  Exclusive breastfeeding242 (16.1)23 (12.9)
  Mixed breastfeeding328 (21.8)45 (25.1)
  Artificial feeding932 (62.1)111 (62.0)
At 6–8 years of age (1213/468)
 Gestational age at delivery (weeks, median (IQR))39.0 (38.0, 40.0)39.0 (38.0, 40.0)0.036*
 Birth weight (kg, means±SD)3.4±0.53.6±0.5<0.001*
 Infant male sex (%)612 (50.5)299 (63.9)<0.001†
 Caesarean delivery (%)764 (63.0)347 (74.2)<0.001†
 Gestational week at delivery (%)0.923†
  Preterm birth52 (4.3)21 (4.5)
  Post-term pregnancy24 (2.0)8 (1.7)
 Weight at birth (%)<0.001†
  Macrosomia104 (8.6)93 (19.9)
  Low birth weight42 (3.5)6 (1.3)
 Gestational age specific weight at birth (%)<0.001†
  Large for gestational age141 (11.6)117 (25.0)
  Small for gestational age92 (7.6)15 (3.2)
 Weight/length ratio at birth (%)<0.001†
  High weight/length ratio at birth236 (19.5)168 (35.9)
  Low weight/length ratio at birth110 (9.1)17 (3.6)
 Breastfeeding status (%)0.232†
  Exclusive breastfeeding200 (16.5)65 (13.9)
  Mixed breastfeeding275 (22.7)98 (20.9)
  Artificial feeding738 (60.8)305 (65.2)
  • *Derived from t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.

  • †Derived from χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test.