Maternal clinical characteristics stratified by offspring overweight status at 3-8 years of age
| Characteristics | Normal | Overweight | P value |
| At 3–5 years of age (1502/179) | |||
| Age (years, means±SD) | 28.9±3.0 | 28.7±2.9 | 0.355* |
| Height (cm, means±SD) | 163.0±4.9 | 162.5±5.4 | 0.328* |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2, means±SD) | 22.8±3.3 | 25.4±4.4 | <0.001* |
| SBP (mm Hg, means±SD) | 106.0±10.7 | 108.4±10.5 | 0.005* |
| DBP (mm Hg, means±SD) | 68.8±7.6 | 70.8±7.9 | 0.001* |
| Education>12 years (%) | 1255 (83.6) | 139 (77.7) | 0.047† |
| Parity≥1 (%) | 62 (4.1) | 5 (2.8) | 0.388† |
| Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (%) | 137 (9.1) | 28 (15.6) | 0.006† |
| Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 14 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 0.935† |
| Drinking during pregnancy (%) | 8 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 1.000† |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 718 (47.8) | 103 (57.5) | 0.014† |
| IC status during pregnancy (%) | 322 (21.4) | 42 (23.5) | 0.534† |
| Unintentional intervention (%) | 172 (11.5) | 22 (12.3) | 0.740† |
| At 6–8 years of age (1213/468) | |||
| Age (years, means±SD) | 28.9±2.9 | 28.9±3.2 | 0.983* |
| Height (cm, means±SD) | 162.9±4.8 | 162.8±5.3 | 0.615* |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2, means±SD) | 22.5±3.2 | 24.5±3.9 | <0.001* |
| SBP (mm Hg, means±SD) | 105.7±10.8 | 107.6±10.4 | 0.002* |
| DBP (mm Hg, means±SD) | 68.6±7.7 | 70.2±7.7 | <0.001* |
| Education>12 years (%) | 1030 (84.9) | 364 (77.8) | 0.001† |
| Parity≥1 (%) | 45 (3.7) | 22 (4.7) | 0.352† |
| Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (%) | 113 (9.3) | 52 (11.1) | 0.268† |
| Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 8 (0.7) | 7 (1.5) | 0.179† |
| Drinking during pregnancy (%) | 7 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 1.000† |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 543 (44.8) | 278 (59.4) | <0.001† |
| IC status during pregnancy (%) | 240 (19.8) | 124 (26.5) | 0.003† |
| Unintentional intervention (%) | 135 (11.1) | 59 (12.6) | 0.400† |
*Derived from t-test.
†Derived from χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test.
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IC, intensive care.;