Table 3

PEPFAR impacts on maternal mortality ratio, child (under-5) mortality rate, and the prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age: traditional and staggered DID estimates

Outcomes and methods	All PEPFAR countries	COP countries	Non-COP countries	High-intensity PEPFAR countries	Medium-intensity PEPFAR countries	Low-intensity PEPFAR countries
Maternal mortality ratio
Means	409.8	497.5	363.7	519.6	345.5	364.4
Model 1. Unadjusted model (traditional)	−96.46***	−120.90***	−83.62*	−125.77***	−98.65*	−64.96
Model 1. Unadjusted model (staggered)	−109.33***	−82.58*	−171.61***	−145.11***	19.84	−310.18***
Model 2. Adjusted model (traditional)	−100.74***	−130.90***	−85.40***	−135.68***	−100.04***	−68.94**
Model 2. Adjusted model (staggered)	−60.11***	−80.42***	−58.73***	−118.64***	−53.09*	−95.90***
Child (under-5) mortality rate
Means	78.9	97.9	68.9	99.5	65.4	71.8
Model 1. Unadjusted model (traditional)	−26.90***	−34.29***	−23.02***	−37.76***	−21.98***	−20.97***
Model 1. Unadjusted model (staggered)	−22.41***	−30.81***	−26.47***	−36.15***	−11.73**	−37.12***
Model 2. Adjusted model (traditional)	−27.38***	−35.67***	−23.17***	−40.24***	−21.81***	−21.18***
Model 2. Adjusted model (staggered)	−20.65***	−32.80***	−18.44***	−37.75***	−19.11***	−19.56***
Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age
Means	37.0	39.0	36.0	38.6	36.3	36.2
Model 1. Unadjusted model (traditional)	−1.26	−1.91*	−0.91	−2.39**	−0.90	−0.48
Model 1. Unadjusted model (staggered)	−1.25*	−1.13	−1.99*	−1.67*	1.29	−4.20***
Model 2. Adjusted model (traditional)	−1.02	−1.58*	−0.74	−2.18**	−0.72	−0.25
Model 2. Adjusted model (staggered)	−0.42	−1.09	0.00	−1.71*	−0.55	0.02

*p< 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
COP, country operational plans; DID, difference-in-differences; PEPFAR, President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.