Table 1

Cost composition and calculation of management of complications

	Rural settings (US$/person)				Urban settings (US$/person)
	Direct medical costs*	Direct non-medical costs†	Indirect costs‡	Societal costs per person	Direct medical costs*	Direct non-medical costs	Indirect costs‡	Societal costs per person
Vitrectomy	2677	124	574	3375	2677	2	784	3463
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage drainage	575	124	82	781	575	2	112	689
Bleb leak revision	707	124	82	913	707	2	112	720
Penetrating keratoplasty	5411	124	574	6109	5411	2	784	6197
Endothelial keratoplasty	4560	124	574	5258	4560	2	784	5346
Tube revision or reinforcement	606	124	82	812	606	2	112	720
Correction of strabismus	1380	124	574	2078	1380	2	784	2166
Anterior chamber irrigation	56	0	0	56	56	0	0	56

We considered both direct and indirect costs from a social perspective. All costs were collected in Chinese yuan and converted into US dollars according to the average exchange rate in 2021 (¥6.45 to US$1). Costs were discounted at 3.5% per annum.
*Direct costs consist of direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs. Patients undergoing vitrectomy, penetrating keratoplasty, endothelial keratoplasty and correction of strabismus need to be hospitalised for 7 days. Patients undergoing suprachoroidal haemorrhage drainage, bleb leak revision and tube revision or reinforcement only need to be hospitalised for 1 day. Patients with IOP spike caused by massive hyphema received anterior chamber irrigation during hospitalisation.
†Direct non-medical costs includes food, transportation and accommodation expenses for patients and one family member.
‡The human capital method was used to calculate indirect costs such as wage loss of patients and family members in the process of disease diagnosis and treatment.
IOP, intraocular pressure.