Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants in this study
| Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
| Class II obese patients | Declined to participate |
| Aged between 18 and 55 years old | Adherence to a specific diet |
| Having a BMI of 35–55 kg/m2 | History of CVD events |
| Undergoing a sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or one anastomosis gastric bypass | Liver diseases, renal disorders, cancer and type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| Infectious diseases, immunity diseases, any inflammatory diseases | |
| Pregnancy | |
| Taking herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, corticosteroids), insulin therapy |
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.