Univariate and multivariate analyses for ‘definite dry eye disease (DED)’
| Risk factors | Definite DED (N=149), no (%) | Non-definite DED (N=2545), no (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 91 (6.3) | 1360 (93.7) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Female | 58 (4.7) | 1185 (95.3) | 1.37 | 0.98 to 1.92 | 0.070 | 1.25 | 0.88 to 1.77 | 0.214 |
| Age (year) | 7.47±0.50 | 7.50±0.50 | 0.85 | 0.61 to 1.18 | 0.335 | 0.86 | 0.61 to 1.21 | 0.375 |
| Allergic conjunctivitis | ||||||||
| No | 94 (4) | 2234 (96) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 55 (15) | 311 (85) | 4.20 | 2.95 to 5.98 | <0.001 | 4.33 | 3.01 to 6.23 | <0.001 |
| Contact lens wear | ||||||||
| No | 147 (5.6) | 2478 (94.4) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 2 (2.9) | 66 (97.1) | 0.51 | 0.12 to 2.10 | 0.353 | 0.52 | 0.12 to 2.17 | 0.367 |
| Inadequate refractive correction | ||||||||
| No | 143 (5.4) | 2496 (94.6) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 6 (10.9) | 49 (89.1) | 2.14 | 0.90 to 5.07 | 0.085 | 2.10 | 0.85 to 5.19 | 0.109 |
| Outdoor activity (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 57 (6.8) | 779 (93.2) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 92 (5.0) | 1761 (95.0) | 0.71 | 0.51 to 1.00 | 0.053 | 0.69 | 0.49 to 0.99 | 0.043 |
| Time of watching TV (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 118 (5.1) | 2186 (94.9) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 31 (8.1) | 353 (91.9) | 1.63 | 1.08 to 2.45 | 0.020 | 1.29 | 0.79 to 2.11 | 0.312 |
| Time of using smartphone (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 128 (5.0) | 2415 (95.0) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 21 (14.6) | 123 (85.4) | 3.22 | 1.96 to 5.29 | <0.001 | 2.73 | 1.51 to 4.91 | 0.001 |
| Time of using tablet (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 135 (5.2) | 2447 (94.8) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 14 (13.3) | 91 (86.7) | 2.79 | 1.55 to 5.02 | 0.001 | 2.09 | 1.07 to 4.07 | 0.030 |
| Time of using computer (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 145 (5.5) | 2513 (94.5) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 4 (14.3) | 24 (85.7) | 2.89 | 0.99 to 8.44 | 0.052 | 1.18 | 0.35 to 4.04 | 0.787 |
| Time of doing homework (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 116 (5.0) | 2218 (95.0) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 33 (9.3) | 332 (90.7) | 1.96 | 1.31 to 2.94 | 0.001 | 1.86 | 1.22 to 2.83 | 0.004 |
| Night sleeping time (hour/day, per hour increase) | 9.54±0.65 | 9.61±0.60 | 0.85 | 0.64 to 1.13 | 0.270 | 0.90 | 0.68 to 1.19 | 0.460 |
*The number of missing data is less than 5% of the number of total data.
N, number; NA, not applicable.