Risk factors for ‘symptomatic dry eye disease (DED)’
| Risk factors | Symptomatic DED (N=234), no (%) | Non-symptomatic (N=2460), no (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 143 (9.9) | 1308 (90.1) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Female | 91 (7.3) | 1152 (92.7) | 1.38 | 1.05 to 1.82 | 0.020 | 1.22 | 0.91 to 1.62 | 0.184 |
| Age (year) | 7.47±0.50 | 7.50±0.50 | 0.88 | 0.68 to 1.15 | 0.354 | 0.87 | 0.66 to 1.16 | 0.350 |
| Allergic conjunctivitis | ||||||||
| No | 141 (6.1) | 2187 (93.9) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 93 (25.4) | 273 (74.6) | 5.28 | 3.95 to 7.07 | <0.001 | 5.58 | 4.12 to 7.55 | <0.001 |
| Contact lens wear | ||||||||
| No | 229 (8.7) | 2397 (91.3) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 5 (7.4) | 63 (92.6) | 0.83 | 0.33 to 2.09 | 0.692 | 0.87 | 0.34 to 2.25 | 0.772 |
| Inadequate refractive correction | ||||||||
| No | 228 (8.6) | 2411 (91.4) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| Yes | 6 (10.9) | 49 (89.1) | 1.30 | 0.55 to 3.06 | 0.555 | 1.29 | 0.52 to 3.20 | 0.587 |
| Outdoor activity (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 88 (10.5) | 747 (89.5) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 146 (7.9) | 1708 (92.1) | 0.73 | 0.55 to 0.96 | 0.025 | 0.72 | 0.54 to 0.97 | 0.028 |
| Time of watching TV (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 191 (8.3) | 2113 (91.7) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 43 (11.2) | 341 (88.8) | 1.40 | 0.98 to 1.98 | 0.062 | 1.21 | 0.80 to 1.85 | 0.363 |
| Time of using smartphone (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 206 (8.1) | 2337 (91.9) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 28 (19.4) | 116 (80.6) | 2.74 | 1.77 to 4.24 | <0.001 | 2.60 | 1.55 to 4.35 | <0.001 |
| Time of using tablet (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 216 (8.4) | 2366 (91.6) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 18 (17.1) | 87 (82.9) | 2.27 | 1.34 to 3.84 | 0.002 | 1.84 | 1.02 to 3.34 | 0.044 |
| Time of using computer (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 228 (8.6) | 2430 (91.4) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 6 (21.4) | 22 (78.6) | 2.91 | 1.17 to 7.24 | 0.022 | 1.44 | 0.50 to 4.17 | 0.501 |
| Time of doing homework (hour/day)* | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 172 (7.4) | 2162 (92.6) | Ref | Ref | NA | Ref | Ref | NA |
| >1 | 62 (17.5) | 293 (82.5) | 2.66 | 1.94 to 3.64 | <0.001 | 2.57 | 1.84 to 3.60 | <0.001 |
| Night sleeping time (hour/day, per hour increase) | 9.54±0.65 | 9.61±0.60 | 0.80 | 0.64 to 1.02 | 0.069 | 0.88 | 0.70 to 1.12 | 0.306 |
*The number of missing data is less than 5% of the number of total data.
N, number; NA, not applicable.