Table 5

Factors associated with depression among study participants at oncology units in Amhara region hospitals, 2022 (n=392)

Characteristics		Depression		Crude OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Characteristics		Yes	No	Crude OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Sex	Male	69	72	1		1
Sex	Female	167	84	2.08 (1.36 to 3.16)	0.001	1.71 (0.75 to 3.93)	0.203
Marital status	Married	153	104	1		1
	Single	21	28	0.51 (0.28 to 0.95)	0.033	0.43 (0.17 to 1.14)	0.090
	Divorced	33	15	1.50 (0.77 to 2.89)	0.232	1.01 (0.43 to 2.40)	0.978
	Widowed	29	9	2.19 (0.98 to 4.82)	0.051	1.26 (0.42 to 3.76)	0.682
Occupation	Government employed	28	24	1		1
	Unemployed	20	9	1.91 (0.73 to 4.96)	0.187	2.38 (0.68 to 8.33)	0.176
	Student	9	10	0.77 (0.27 to 2.21)	0.629	1.44 (0.30 to 6.87)	0.650
	Farmer	51	42	1.04 (0.53 to 2.06)	0.908	1.02 (0.39 to 2.72)	0.963
	Merchant	50	30	1.43 (0.70 to 2.90)	0.324	1.45 (0.58 to 3.60)	0.429
	Housewife	78	41	1.63 (0.84 to 3.16)	0.149	1.05 (0.41 to 2.73)	0.915
Monthly income	Below 2715	167	96	1		1
Monthly income	>=2715	69	60	0.66 (0.43 to 1.01)	0.058	0.96 (0.54 to 1.71)	0.896
Social support	Poor	166	45	4.44 (2.07 to 9.47)	<0.001	1.46 (0.59 to 3.65)	0.413
	Moderate	55	93	0.71 (0.33 to 1.52)	0.378	0.45 (0.18 to 1.09)	0.077
	Strong	15	18	1		1
Coffee drinking	Never	64	26	1		1
	Daily	111	99	0.46 (0.26 to 0.77)	0.004	0.65 (0.32 to 1.34)	0.243
	Occasionally	61	31	0.79 (0.43 to 1.49)	0.485	0.68 (0.30 to 1.57)	0.375
Alcohol drinking status	Never drinker	94	52	1
	Former drinker	106	92	0.64 (0.41 to 0.98)	0.044	0.71 (0.40 to 1.25)	0.237
	Current drinker	36	12	1.66 (0.79 to 3.46)	0.177	1.13 (0.46 to 2.77)	0.783
Performance status	Good	116	131	1		1
Performance status	Poor	120	25	5.42 (3.29 to 8.92)	<0.001	2.77 (1.42 to 5.39)	0.003
Cancer type	Gynaecological cancer	45	17	1		1
	Breast cancer	55	43	0.48 (0.24 to 0.96)	0.038	0.49 (0.19 to 1.23)	0.129
	Cancer of GIT	68	54	0.48 (0.25 to 0.92)	0.028	0.82 (0.31 to 2.18)	0.696
	Lymphomas	14	9	0.58 (0.22 to 1.61)	0.300	1.32 (0.35 to 4.92)	0.682
	Cancer of skin, bone, and soft tissues	22	22	0.38 (0.17 to 0.85)	0.010	0.52 (0.16 to 1.64)	0.262
	Others*	32	11	1.09 (0.45 to 2.66)	0.834	2.18 (0.64 to 7.39)	0.212
BMI	Underweight	74	43	1.31 (0.83 to 2.05)	0.247	0.66 (0.36 to 1.22)	0.183
	Normal weight	141	107	1		1
	Overweight	21	6	2.66 (1.04 to 6.81)	0.042	1.53 (0.46 to 5.07)	0.491
Treatment type	Chemotherapy	143	64	1		1
	Surgery+chemotherapy	61	76	0.36 (0.23 to 0.56)	<0.001	1.01 (0.52 to 1.95)	0.986
	Others†	32	16	0.89 (0.46 to 1.75)	0.745	1.64 (0.59 to 4.56)	0.347
Comorbid disease	No	201	144	1		1
Comorbid disease	Yes	35	12	2.09 (1.05 to 4.17)	0.036	0.76 (0.30 to 1.90)	0.556
Cancer stage	Localised cancer	85	86	1		1
Cancer stage	Advanced cancer	151	70	2.18 (1.45 to 3.29)	<0.001	1.61 (0.91 to 2.87)	0.105
Age	Continuous			0.02 (1.01 to 1.04)	0.006	0.99 (0.97 to 1.02)	0.693
Pain	Continuous			1.49 (1.35 to 1.64)	<0.001	1.25 (1.11 to 1.42)	<0.001
Duration of chemotherapy (months)	Continuous			1.04 (1.01 to 1.08)	0.023	1.01 (0.97 to 1.05)	0.592

Bold indicates statistically significant variables.
*Others include (lung cancer, bladder cancer, prostatic cancer, sinonasal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, pharyngeal cancer, testicular cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, laryngeal cancer, pancreatic cancer and cancer of unknown).
†Others include (surgery+hormonal therapy, surgery+chemotherapy+hormonal therapy, chemotherapy+radiotherapy, chemotherapy+hormonal therapy).
BMI, body mass index; GIT, gastrointestinal tract.