Characteristics of prospective cohort studies of white rice and brown rice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D)
| Author | Location and study population | Participants (n, sex, age) | Cases | Duration (years) | Outcome assessment | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale* |
| White rice | ||||||
| Hodge et al 200419 | Australia. Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) | 31 641; mixed; aged 40–69 years | 365 | 4 | Self-reported, confirmed by clinician | Good (3★; 1★; 3★) |
| Villegas et al 200722 | China. Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS) | 64 227; female; aged 40–70 years | 1608 | 4.6 | Self-reported | Good (3★; 2★; 2★) |
| Nanri et al 201023 | Japan. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC) | 25 666; male; aged 40–69 years | 625 | 5 | Self-reported, confirmed by medical records | Poor (3★; 2★; 1★) |
| Nanri et al 201023 | Japan. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC) | 33 622; female; aged 40–69 years | 478 | 5 | Same as above | Poor (3★; 2★; 1★) |
| Sun et al 20108 | USA. Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) | 39 765; male; aged 32–87 years | 2648 | 20 | Self-reported, confirmed by questionnaire | Fair (2★; 1★; 2★) |
| Sun et al 20108 | USA. Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) | 69 120; female; aged 37–65 years | 5500 | 22 | Same as above | Fair (2★; 2★; 2★) |
| Sun et al 20108 | USA. Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS II) | 88 343; female aged 26–45 years | 2359 | 14 | Same as above | Fair (2★; 2★; 2★) |
| Soriguer et al 201324 | Spain. Pizarra Study (PS) | 605; mixed; aged 18–65 years | 54 | 6 | Identified via fasting blood glucose and OGTT | Poor (3★; 0★; 2★) |
| Golozar et al 201725 | Iran. Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) | 4754; female; aged 40–87 years | 902† | 1–5 | Identified via fasting blood glucose or medication use | Good (3★; 2★; 2★) |
| Golozar et al 201725 | Iran. Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) | 4475; male; aged 40–87 years | 902† | 1–5 | Same as above | Good (3★; 2★; 2★) |
| Golozar et al 201725 | Iran. Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) | 1197; female; aged ≥20 years | 81† | 1–5 | Identified via fasting blood glucose or OGTT or medication use | Good (3★; 2★; 2★) |
| Golozar et al 201725 | Iran. Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) | 976; male; aged ≥20 years | 81† | 1–5 | Same as above | Good (3★; 2★; 2★) |
| Seah 2018 | Chinese living in Singapore. Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) | 35 298; female; aged 45–74 years | 3012 | 11 | Self-reported, confirmed by follow-up interview and medical assessments | Fair (2★; 1★; 3★) |
| Seah 2018 | Chinese living in Singapore. Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) | 45 411; male; aged 45–74 years | 2195 | 11 | Same as above | Fair (2★; 1★; 3★) |
| Bhavadharini et al 202017 | 21 countries. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (PURE) | 132 373; mixed; aged 35–70 years | 6129 | 9.5 | Self-reported with >90% confirmed by medical record and/or blood test | Good (3★; 2★; 3★) |
| Brown rice | ||||||
| Sun et al 20108 | USA. Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) | 39 765; male; aged 32–87 years | 2648 | 20 | Self-reported, confirmed by supplementary questionnaire | Fair (2★; 2★; 3★) |
| Sun et al 20108 | Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) | 69 120; female; aged 37–65 years | 5500 | 22 | Same as above | Fair (2★; 2★; 3★) |
| Sun et al 20108 | Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS II) | 88 343; female; aged 26–45 years | 2359 | 14 | Same as above | Fair (2★; 2★; 3★) |
Good = (3/4★; 1/2★; 2/3★); fair = (2★; 1/2★; 2/3★); poor = 0/1★ for selection; OR 0★ for comparability; OR 0/1★ for outcome/exposure.
*Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: the star scores (★) are arranged in the order of selection, comparability and outcome/exposure domains.
†Number of cases by sex was not specified, and the reported numbers are the total number of the cases across both sexes.
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.