Table 1

Vitamin D intake recommendations from governmental agencies and from COVID-19 vitamin D advocate groups

RegionYearVitamin D intakePopulation reference intake μg/day (age group)
USA and Canada12011Total intake15 (<70 years)
20 (≥70 years)
Nordic Countries22014Total intake10 (<75 years)
20 (≥75 years)
European Union32016Total intake15 (≥18)
UK42016Total intake10 (all adults)
COVID-19 vitamin D advocates7–102020Supplemental intake20–50 (all adults, all year)
Post COVID-19 UK132020Supplemental intake10 (October to March for healthy adults)
10 (all year for those with limited sunlight exposure)
Post COVID-19 Ireland142020Supplemental intake10 (October to March >65 years)
15 (all year for housebound >65 years)
  • Total intake refers to vitamin D intake from all sources: skin production and oral intake (natural foods, fortified foods, supplements). Population reference intakes for governmental agencies refers to intake that meets the needs of 97.5% on the population; these intakes are based on health outcomes such as musculoskeletal health, falls and total risk of mortality.