Vitamin D intake recommendations from governmental agencies and from COVID-19 vitamin D advocate groups
Region | Year | Vitamin D intake | Population reference intake μg/day (age group) |
USA and Canada1 | 2011 | Total intake | 15 (<70 years) 20 (≥70 years) |
Nordic Countries2 | 2014 | Total intake | 10 (<75 years) 20 (≥75 years) |
European Union3 | 2016 | Total intake | 15 (≥18) |
UK4 | 2016 | Total intake | 10 (all adults) |
COVID-19 vitamin D advocates7–10 | 2020 | Supplemental intake | 20–50 (all adults, all year) |
Post COVID-19 UK13 | 2020 | Supplemental intake | 10 (October to March for healthy adults) 10 (all year for those with limited sunlight exposure) |
Post COVID-19 Ireland14 | 2020 | Supplemental intake | 10 (October to March >65 years) 15 (all year for housebound >65 years) |
Total intake refers to vitamin D intake from all sources: skin production and oral intake (natural foods, fortified foods, supplements). Population reference intakes for governmental agencies refers to intake that meets the needs of 97.5% on the population; these intakes are based on health outcomes such as musculoskeletal health, falls and total risk of mortality.