Descriptive information about systematic reviews (n=4)
| Authors (year) | Target population and study designs (n) | Tobacco measure/s | Psychological measure/s | Relationship/s examined (n) | Result | Quality score % | Limitations |
| Ahun et al (2020)20 | Youth (n=43) | Cigarette smoking | Unclear | Depression >tobacco (N=7); anxiety >tobacco (N=1) | Six of the depression studies had a significant association with cigarette smoking, while the one anxiety study did not | 72.7 | No statistics reported, only significance of association; only one anxiety study examined; |
| Cairns et al (2014)9 | Youth aged 12–18 (n=17) | Any form | Unclear | Tobacco/depression | Tobacco associated with increased depression with small effect size (r=0.09, CI=0.06 to 0.12) | 90.9 | Directionality unclear |
| Chaiton et al (2009)10 | Non-clinical youth aged 13–19 (n=15) | Mostly ’smoking onset' operationalised as ever having had a 'puff' or 'one cigarette' | Various but mostly CES-D | Tobacco >depression (n=6); depression >tobacco (n=12) | Smoking predicted depression (PE=1.73, CI=1.32 to 2.40); depression predicted smoking (PE=1.41, CI=1.21 to 1.63) | 81.8 | Low number of tobacco >depression studies |
| Esmaeelzadeh et al (2018)11 | Youth from USA and Canada (N=17) | Various (eg, ever smoked; current smoker; regular smoker) | Various for depression but mostly CES-D; various for anxiety (eg, SIAS, DISC-IV) | Depression >tobacco (n=7); tobacco >depression (n=4); anxiety >tobacco (n=1); tobacco >anxiety (n=1) | Depression predicted tobacco use (OR=1.22, CI=1.09 to 1.37); tobacco use predicted depression (OR=1.87, CI=1.23 to 2.85); anxiety did not predict tobacco use (OR=1.38, CI=0.83 to 2.29); tobacco use predicted anxiety (OR=1.88, CI=1.47 to 2.41) | 81.8 | Low number of studies especially for anxiety; only USA and Canada; different types of anxiety pooled together |
CES-D, Centre for Epidemiology Depression Scale; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; SIAS, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.