Vote counting of the direction of effects for cohort studies
| Authors (year)—country | Tobacco >depression | Depression >tobacco | Tobacco >anxiety | Anxiety >tobacco | Tobacco >bipolar | Bipolar >tobacco | Tobacco >psychosis | Psychosis >tobacco |
| Ajdacic-Gross et al38 (2009)—Switzerland | ◄► | |||||||
| Ames et al39 (2018)—Canada | ▲ | |||||||
| Berk et al40 (2010)—Australia | ▼ | |||||||
| Bierhoff et al22 (2019)—USA | ◄► | ▲ | ||||||
| Borges et al41 (2018)—Mexico | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | |||||
| Buchy et al42 (2014)—USA and Canada | ▼ | |||||||
| Buchy et al43 (2015)—USA and Canada | Unclear | |||||||
| Bulhões et al44 (2020)—Portugal | ▲ | |||||||
| Chen et al45 (2017)—USA | ▲ | ▲ | ||||||
| Crane et al46 (2021)—USA | Unclear | |||||||
| Davies et al47 (2018)—UK | ▲ | ▲ | ||||||
| Ferdinand et al48 (2004)—Netherlands | ▲ | |||||||
| Fonseca et al49 (2021)—Brazil | ▲ | |||||||
| Gauge et al50 (2014)—UK | ▲ | |||||||
| Gårdvik et al51 (2020)—Norway | ▼ | ▲ | ||||||
| Goodwin et al52 (2004)—New Zealand52 | ▲ | |||||||
| Goodwin et al53 (2013)—Germany | ◄► | ◄► | ◄► | |||||
| Griesler et al54 (2008)—USA | ◄► | ▲ | ◄► | ◄► | ||||
| Griesler et al55 (2011)—USA | ▲ | ◄► | ◄► | ▲ | ||||
| Hu et al56 (2012)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Hui et al57 (2013)—China | ▲ | |||||||
| Isensee et al27 (2003)—Germany | ▲ | ◄► | ||||||
| Johnson et al36 (2000)—USA | ▲ | Unclear | ||||||
| Jones et al35 (2018)—UK | ◄► | ◄► | ||||||
| Kalan et al58 (2020)—Lebanon | ◄► | |||||||
| Kendler et al59 (2015)—Sweden | ▲ | |||||||
| King et al60 (2004)—USA | ◄► | ◄► | ||||||
| MacKie et al61 (2011)—UK | ▲ | |||||||
| Marmorstein et al62 (2010)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Marsden et al63 (2019)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Moylan et al28 (2013)—Norway | ▲ | Unclear | ||||||
| Mustonen et al64 (2018)—Finland | ▲ | |||||||
| Okeke et al65 (2013)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Pedersen et al66 (2009)—Norway | ▲ | ▲ | ||||||
| Purborini et al67 (2021)—Indonesia | ▲ | |||||||
| Raffetti et al24 (2019)—Sweden | ▲ | |||||||
| Ranjit et al25 (2019)—Finland | ▲ | |||||||
| Ranjit et al26 (2019b*)—Finland | ▲ | ▲ | ||||||
| Savage et al68 (2016)—Finland | ▼ | |||||||
| Shete et al23 (2017)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Smith et al69 (2014)—USA | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | |||||
| Swendsen et al34 (2010)—USA | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | |||||
| Tomita et al70 (2020)—South Africa | ▲ | |||||||
| Trotta et al71 (2020)—UK | Unclear | |||||||
| Ward et al31 (2019)—USA and Canada | ◄► | |||||||
| Weiser et al30 (2004)—Israel | ▲ | |||||||
| Wilens et al72 (2016)—USA | ▲ | |||||||
| Zammit et al32 (2003)—Sweden | ▼ | |||||||
| Zhang et al73 (2018)—Germany | ▲ |
*Testing the reciprocal association between smoking and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood: a longitudinal twin study.
▼, negative effect direction; ▲, positive effect direction; ◄►, conflicting effect directions; unclear, unclear effect direction.