Baseline characteristics of the enrolled subjects in the primary and validation cohorts
| Primary cohort | Validation cohort | P value | |
| n | 4388 | 1883 | |
| Age, years | 66.0±12.8 | 65.9±13.3 | 0.715 |
| Male | 2921 (66.6) | 1229 (65.3) | 0.332 |
| Weight, kg | 83.0±19.1 | 83.2±20.0 | 0.785 |
| Heart rate, /min | 84.9±10.7 | 84.6±10.8 | 0.357 |
| Respiratory rate, /min | 17.2±3.1 | 17.2±3.0 | 0.914 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 131.2±23.2 | 132.4±23.2 | 0.060 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 113.3±10.7 | 113.9±10.8 | 0.040 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 57.1±6.9 | 57.3±7.0 | 0.244 |
| CVP, mm Hg | 10.6±3.5 | 10.7±3.6 | 0.191 |
| Urine output, mL | 2075.0 (1480.0–2880.0) | 2080.0 (1457.0–2900.0) | 0.949 |
| pO2, mm Hg | 314.0 (211.0–383.0) | 308.0 (206.0–386.0) | 0.168 |
| Sedative | 3707 (84.5) | 1593 (84.6) | 0.905 |
| Ventilation | 3836 (87.4) | 1642 (87.2) | 0.811 |
| Furosemide | 675 (15.4) | 292 (15.5) | 0.901 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1695 (38.6) | 754 (40.0) | 0.293 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1018 (23.2) | 442 (23.5) | 0.814 |
| Stroke | 258 (5.9) | 108 (5.7) | 0.823 |
| Left heart catheterisation | 1288 (29.4) | 551 (29.3) | 0.942 |
| Severe AKI | 2452 (55.9) | 1020 (54.2) | 0.213 |
The data are depicted as the mean±SD, the median (IQR) or a number (percentage). Continuous data were compared with Student’s t test or the rank-sum test, while categorical data were compared using the χ2 test.
AKI, acute kidney injury; CVP, central venous pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SBP, systolic blood pressure.