Table 1

Study characteristics

Author (year) Country	Clinical setting	Study design and n per arm	Intervention PROM	Method and frequency of PROM completion	Summary of actions based on PROM responses	Control arm
Cummings et al 40 (2019) USA	Adults with symptoms of distress and/or depression attending general practice	12-month RCT: Intervention n=67/usual care n=72	PHQ-9* DDS-17^†	In-person completion with trained study team member twice, 6 months apart	Stratified treatment to 16 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy or lifestyle coaching based on PROM responses	Educational materials and usual care with GP.
Dobler et al 44 (2018) Germany	Adults attending specialist outpatient clinic, recruitment during inpatient rehabilitation stay	12-month RCT: Intervention n=98/Control n=101	PAID^†, WHO-5, PHQ-9*	Telephone completion with trained study team member, monthly	Behaviour motivation plan developed. Monthly follow-up telephone calls using PHQ-2 (with progression to PHQ-9 if PHQ score >3) to identify and address emotional problems. Severity of symptoms guided counselling techniques, increase in call frequency or referral	Written information on diet, physical activity by mail at 3 and 9 months.
Fortmann et al 42 (2020) USA	Adults attending two primary care clinics	12-month case control study: Intervention n=236/n=239	PHQ-2, PHQ-9	In-person completion with the registered nurse or certified diabetes educator, once	Positive screening on PROM resulted in referral to depression care manager with group-based cognitive behavioural therapy. Depression screening was part of a collaborative care model focused on cardiometabolic targets	Standard diabetes care without depression screening.
Ell et al 38 (2011) USA	Adults with PHQ9 response ≥10, attending primary care safety net clinics	24-month RCT: Intervention n=193/Enhanced usual care n=194	PHQ-9*	Telephone completion with trained study team member once	Collaborative care model using structured stepped-care algorithm, with patient preferences for problem-solving therapy or antidepressants guiding treatment	Standard care, depression educational pamphlets and social resource list. GPs informed of depression diagnosis.
Johnson et al 41 (2014) USA	Adults with PHQ >10, attending general practice	12-month case control: Intervention n=95/Active control n=62/usual care n=71	PHQ-9*	Telephone completion with trained study team member at least monthly until PHQ-9 <10	Case-managers delivered individualised care, in collaboration with psychiatrist and endocrinologist, with treatment recommendations to GP based on a treatment algorithm and PROM responses	GP notified by letter of elevated PHQ-9 responses.
Naik et al 37 (2019) USA	Adults attending hospital and outpatient community Veterans Affairs clinics	12-month RCT: Intervention n=136/Enhanced usual care (EUC) n=89	PHQ-9*	Telephone completion with trained study team member once	Nine telephone coaching sessions with trained study members using workbooks guiding the discussion and tracking progress to set and assess goals related to wellness, diet, exercise medication management.	Participants informed of PHQ-9 responses with educational materials.
Rees et al 43 (2017) Australia	Adults with diabetes related retinopathy and moderate diabetes distress attending specialist outpatient clinic	6-month pilot RCT: Intervention n=21/control n=19	DDS^†	In-person completion with trained study member once	PROM responses guided eight 45–60 min problem solving therapy sessions	Pamphlets on diabetes-specific topics
Sigurdardottir et al 45 (2009) Iceland	Adults attending specialist outpatient clinic	6-month RCT: Intervention n=28/Control n=25	PAID^† DKT, DES, Summary of diabetes self-care measure	In-person completion at clinic with diabetes educator once	Diabetes educators delivered individual educational sessions based on empowerment theory. PROM responses identified barriers to goals with a weekly follow-up call for 5 weeks	Information booklet about T2D and attended usual diabetes clinics.
Wu et al 39 (2018) USA	Adults attending primary care or hospital-based safety net clinics	6-month observational: Technology-facilitated care n=432/supported care n=461/usual care n=416	PHQ-2, PHQ-9*	Initially completed via telephone with trained study member. Then monthly—quarterly completion via automated calls	PROM responses linked to clinical decision support that generated action reminders for healthcare professionals depending on PROM responses	Standard primary care. GPs offered optional training.

*Depression.
†Diabetes distress.
DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; DES, Diabetes Empowerment Scale; DKT, Diabetes Knowledge Test; GP, general practitioner; PAID, Problem Area In Diabetes scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire (2 items or 9 items); PROM, patient-reported outcome measure; RCT, randomised controlled trial; T2D, type 2 diabetes; WHO-5, WHO five-item Well-Being Index.