Table 3

OR (95% CI) for the association of vitamin D deficiency with Helicobacter pylori cytotoxic-associated gene A seropositivity

Effect modifierModel 1Model 2Model 3
Overall1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)*0.90 (0.77 to 1.05)0.90 (0.77 to 1.05)
Age group (years)
 20–291.19 (0.83 to 1.72)0.93 (0.61 to 1.41)0.96 (0.63 to 1.46)
 30–391.45 (1.03 to 2.05)*0.79 (0.53 to 1.20)0.78 (0.52 to 1.20)
 40–491.18 (0.84 to 1.67)0.96 (0.65 to 1.42)0.95 (0.64 to 1.41)
 50–591.23 (0.83 to 1.81)0.83 (0.53 to 1.32)0.82 (0.51 to 1.31)
 60–691.31 (0.95 to 1.80)0.94 (0.65 to 1.35)0.87 (0.60 to 1.27)
 70–791.38 (0.94 to 2.04)0.97 (0.62 to 1.52)0.96 (0.61 to 1.52)
 ≥800.85 (0.55 to 1.32)0.71 (0.44 1.14)0.70 (0.43 to 1.13)
Sex
 Male1.44 (1.19 to 1.75)*0.99 (0.80 to 1.23)1.02 (0.82 to 1.27)
 Female1.14 (0.94 to 1.39)0.81 (0.65 to 1.02)0.80 (0.64 to 1.00)
Race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic white0.74 (0.57 to 0.95)*0.71 (0.54 to 0.94)*0.69 (0.53 to 0.92)*
 Non-Hispanic black1.12 (0.82 to 1.52)1.14 (0.82 to 1.58)1.12 (0.80 to 1.56)
 Mexican American0.97 (0.77 to 1.22)0.98 (0.77 to 1.25)1.01 (0.79 to 1.29)
 Other0.70 (0.32 to 1.52)0.58 (0.24 to 1.41)0.57 (0.23 to 1.43)
Place of birth
 50 United States1.48 (1.26 to 1.73)*0.98 (0.81 to 1.77)0.95 (0.79 to 1.15)
 Mexico0.87 (0.63 to 1.18)–†–†
 Other0.72 (0.43 to 1.20)0.49 (0.26 to 0.90)*0.47 (0.25 to 0.89)*
Education level
 Less than high school0.96 (0.76 to 1.20)0.77 (0.59 to 1.00)0.78 (0.60 to 1.00)
 High school1.58 (1.30 to 1.94)*1.18 (0.93 to 1.48)1.17 (0.93 to 1.47)
 High school above1.27 (0.93 to 1.74)0.63 (0.43 to 1.00)0.63 (0.42 to 1.00)
Alcohol consumption
 Never1.16 (0.97 to 1.39)0.81 (0.66 to 0.99)*0.80 (0.65 to 0.99)*
 < 1 time/month1.62 (0.84 to 3.12)2.53 (1.01 to 5.48)*2.53 (1.06 to 6.05)*
 2–4 times/month1.53 (1.10 to 2.13)*0.97 (0.66 to 1.43)0.97 (0.66 to 1.42)
 >4 times/month1.34 (0.99 to 1.78)0.98 (0.71 to 1.37)0.98 (0.71 to 1.37)
Hemoglobin level
 Quartile 11.32 (0.99 to 1.75)0.90 (0.65 to 1.25)0.87 (0.63 to 1.21)
 Quartile 21.26 (0.93 to 1.65)0.96 (0.71 to 1.31)0.93 (0.68 to 1.26)
 Quartile 31.07 (0.82 to 1.41)0.73 (0.54 to 1.00)0.74 (0.54 to 1.01)
 Quartile 41.28 (0.97 to 1.70)1.09 (0.80 to 1.49)1.09 (0.80 to 1.50)
Serum ferritin level
 Quartile 11.03 (0.78 to 1.36)0.71 (0.52 to 0.97)*0.70 (0.51 to 0.96)*
 Quartile 21.19 (0.90 to 1.57)0.87 (0.63 to 1.19)0.86 (0.63 to 1.19)
 Quartile 31.31 (0.99 to 1.72)0.91 (0.66 to 1.24)0.90 (0.66 to 1.24)
 Quartile 41.57 (1.20 to 2.06)*1.12 (0.82 to 1.52)1.09 (0.80 to 1.48)
Serum folate level
 Quartile 11.23 (0.93 to 1.62)0.83 (0.60 to 1.14)0.82 (0.59 to 1.13)
 Quartile 21.27 (0.97 to 1.66)0.94 (0.70 to 1.28)0.95 (0.70 to 1.29)
 Quartile 31.57 (1.19 to 2.08)*1.21 (0.89 to 1.65)1.22 (0.90 to 1.68)
 Quartile 40.91 (0.69 to 1.21)0.64 (0.47 to 0.88)*0.63 (0.46 to 0.87)*
Serum vitamin A level
 Quartile 11.27 (0.95 to 1.70)0.92 (0.66 to 1.28)0.90 (0.65 to 1.26)
 Quartile 21.13 (0.86 to 1.47)0.95 (0.71 to 1.27)1.00 (0.74 to 1.36)
 Quartile 31.17 (0.90 to 1.54)0.81 (0.60 to 1.10)0.78 (0.57 to 1.06)
 Quartile 41.36 (0.99 to 1.75)0.91 (0.70 to 1.25)0.90 (0.65 to 1.27)
Serum vitamin E level
 Quartile 11.25 (0.94 to 1.65)0.89 (0.64 to 1.23)0.89 (0.64 to 1.24)
 Quartile 21.22 (0.93 to 1.61)0.89 (0.65 to 1.23)0.86 (0.62 to 1.81)
 Quartile 31.16 (0.89 to 1.52)0.86 (0.63 to 1.17)0.88 (0.64 to 1.19)
 Quartile 41.19 (0.90 to 1.56)0.98 (0.72 to 1.32)0.98 (0.72 to 1.33)
Serum β-carotene level
 Quartile 11.59 (1.14 to 2.10)*1.01 (0.71 to 1.44)0.98 (0.69 to 1.41)
 Quartile 21.41 (1.10 to 1.80)*1.00 (0.76 to 1.33)1.00 (0.76 to 1.33)
 Quartile 31.13 (0.86 to 1.48)0.84 (0.61 to 1.15)0.85 (0.62 to 1.16)
 Quartile 41.10 (0.83 to 1.44)0.75 (0.55 to 1.02)0.76 (0.55 to 1.05)

  • Factors were not adjusted when they were used as effect modifiers.

  • *Statistically significant associations (p<0.05).

  • †The model failed because of the small sample size of other covariates in this stratum.